Occupational Hazards among Sanitary Staff in Hospital

occupational Hazards among Sanitary Staff in HospitalOccupational Hazards among Sanitary Staff Working at Tertiary Cargon Hospitals of KarachiAbstractImproper dissolution focusing increases the risk of occupational hazard among staff working in hospital. The aim of this cross-sectional hit the books was to identify awareness and practices associated with occupational hazards among the sanitary staff working at tertiary shell out hospitals. The study was conducted at 2 government hospitals in Karachi, from October 2012 to January 2013. An anonymous, self-descriptive questionnaire was employ to collect data. Among 106 participants, only 39% (n=41) received training on managing uncivilized waste. Moreover, only 51% (n=54) were able to differentiate between perilous and non-hazardous waste. more or less, 69% (n=73) respondents had homework of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) whereas only 36% (n=38) were compliant with it. Two third of the participants reported that they ha ve en supposeered injury from hospital waste. Fishers Exact political campaign revealed that workout of PPE is associated with education, own, training and awareness. The study revealed great need of awareness about health hazards among sanitary staff working at hospitals along with provision of facilities.Keywords Occupational Hazards, Personal Protective Equipment, Waste Man get along withment, Sanitary Staff.Hospital waste serves to be the most hazardous waste material which apprise lead to life laborious infectious diseases. Poor and improper handling of waste increases the risk of exposure to pathogenic organisms.1 Waste material generated from hospitals are considered as hazardous hence, it needs to be treated cautiously.2In developing countries, there is scarce awareness and knowledge about proper management of hospital waste.3 All staff working at hospital is prone to acquire infections. However, sanitary staffs are at greater risk.4 A number of diseases can be transmit ted via contact with hazardous hospital waste including Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.5 Therefore, training of sanitary staff working at healthcare facilities is essential.4All healthcare facilities needs to prepare their own policies to ensure proper management of hospital waste and provision of staff safety.6 Appropriate management of hospital waste is based upon hospital administration, policies, finance, staff training, and active participation of staff.7 The staff creditworthy for handling hospital waste needs to be provided with every essential PPE.8 This study focuses on awareness of occupational hazards among sanitary staff working at government hospitals in Karachi.The study was conducted at two tertiary care government hospitals of Karachi from October 2012 till January 2013. It was a cross sectional survey conducted on 106 participants that had granted consent and who had minimum of 3 months of experience. The survey was conduct ed by dint of a structured questionnaire and data was analyzed through SPSS.Among 106 participants 71% (n=75) were male and 29% (n=31) were females. Mean age of participants was 40.23 (+ 9.5 SD). As displayed in Table 1, among all participants 62% had work experience of more than 5 years. Majority (n=36, 34%) of the participants had received secondary education. Participants who had done mean(a) (n=23, 22%) were working as shift supervisors. Job responsibility of participants included dusting and cleaning wards (n=41, 39%), collection of hospital waste (n=32, 30%), segregation of hospital waste (n=18, 17%), and disposal of waste material (n=15, 14%).Table 1Demographic Profile of Study Participants152532342423362341321815142430322322342239301714During job tenure, only 41 (39%) staff received formal training on handling hospital waste and preventing health hazards by following standard precautions. However, 54 (51%) of the respondents were aware about hazardous and non-hazardous was te products. Among all participants, only 19 (18%) underwent medical revue and 67 (63%) of them received Hepatitis-B vaccination. However, among recipients of Hepatitis-B vaccine, only 37 (35%) received complete vaccination i.e. all 3 doses of Hepatitis-B.On inquiring about availability of PPE, 73 (69%) responded that PPE are provided by hospital whereas, only 38 (36%) of the respondents were using PPE. Among all participants, 87 (82%) were compliant with hand washing.With regard to separate collection of hazardous waste from non-hazardous waste, 47 (44%) of the respondents said that they collect waste separately. However, only 21 (20%) of the participants reported that they carry hazardous and non-hazardous waste separately. Majority (n=88, 83%) were using open containers for carrying waste material.Around 69 (65%) of the participants responded that they have encountered injury from hospital waste. Among them, 2 (2%) encountered needle stick injury, 30 (28%) experienced sharp inju ries, 24 (23%) came in contact with blood and consistence fluids, and 14 (13%) got other types of injury. Only 18 (17%) of the participants didnt experienced any illness, however 21 (20%) experienced gastrointestinal tract problems, 28 (27%) suffered from respiratory disorders, 14 (13%) got eye infections, 11 (10%) came in contact with skin diseases, and 14 (13%) encountered blood borne diseases.With regard to compliance of using standard precaution 34 (32%) of the participants always use gloves, only 7.5% of the participants always use apron, and 31 (29%) always use masks.The Fishers Exact test revealed a significant association between experience and use of PPE (P=0.027). Similarly, highly significant association has been identified between training and compliance with use of PPE (PPPP=0.078), was found to be insignificant (see Table 2).Table 2Association between Compliance with Use of PPE and Demographic Characteristics* Significant** Fishers Exact Test applied due to low cell c ountGeneration of waste at hospitals demands for it proper disposal to avoid hazardous consequences associated with it. It is the prime responsibility of hospital to maintain clean and healthy environment to veer infections associated with hospital wastes.6 Therefore, it is essential to provide discriminate training to ensure staff safety.9 In current study, less than fractional of the respondents received training and around half of the respondents displayed awareness about hazardous waste material. The study also displayed an association between training as well as awareness about hazardous waste with compliance to PPE use. Similarly, available evidences in the field also suggests that training of staff along with regular follow-ups can foster compliance with appropriate waste management practices.10 Available literature also suggests that for appropriate management of hospital waste and safety of hospital staff, constant training programs needs to be organized.8 current study revealed that only 18% of the sanitary staff went through medical inspection and around 35% of the staff received complete doses of hepatitis B vaccination. In contrast, previous study on sanitary staff working in tertiary care hospital of Rawalpindi reported that none of the sanitary staff went through medical checkup or received any vaccination before or during job tenure.4The findings of current study revealed that availability of PPE was inadequate. However, it is essential to provide continuous supply of PPE and to bring change in attitude of staff towards use of PPE. The efforts of providing training, creating awareness, and providing personal protective equipment impart not be of worth if staff will not comply with the appropriate waste handling and management strategies. Our study also demonstrated that only one third of the respondents were using available PPE. However, non-compliance with appropriate management of hospital waste makes sanitary staff prone to infections.1 0Hence, efforts need to be made for providing training and creating awareness among sanitary staff for handling hazardous hospital waste. Moreover, organization should develop relevant policies and protocols to ensure appropriate handling and disposal of hospital waste. Organizations should also take initiatives for conducting medical inspection and vaccinating all hospital staff including sanitary staff. Availability of PPE should be adequate and staff needs to be encouraged to use PPE. Evidence based interventional research can be conducted to ensure appropriate handling of hazardous hospital waste for preventing sanitary staff from infectious diseases.ReferencesHossain MS, Santhanam A, Nik Norulaini NA, Omar AK. Clinical solid waste management practices and its electric shock on human health and environment-A review. Waste Manag 2011 317546.Ross DE. Safeguarding public health, the core reason for solid waste management. Waste Manag Res 2011 2977980.Janjua NZ, Khan MI, Mahmood B. nifty injuries and their determinants among health care workers at first-level care facilities in Sindh Province, Pakistan. Trop Med Int Health 2010 15124451.Ahmed I, Farooq U, Rabia M, Naheed A, Maryum A, Asia A. Awareness among sanitary workers regarding their job A survey at tertiary care hospital. Medical Forum Monthly A Journal for all Specialties. Retrieved from http//www.medforum.pk/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=467awareness-among-sanitary-workers-regarding-their-job-a-survey-at-tertiary-care-hospital.Hayashi Y. Proper disposal of medical wastes infection prevention and waste management at Hiroshima city, Asa Hospital. Rinsho Byori, 2000 (Suppl 112)26-31.Hashmi SK, Shahab S. Hospital and biomedical waste management. In Iliyas M, Editor, Community medicine and public health. 4th ed. Karachi Time Publishers, 2003, pp. 426-37.Yadav M. Hospital waste-A Major Problem. Hospital Today 2011 8 276-282.Pandit NB, Mehta HK, Kartha GP, Choudhary SK. commission of biomedi cal waste Awareness and practices in a district of Gujarat. Indian J Public Health 2005 49245-7.Al-Khatib IA, Al-Qaroot YS, Ali-Shtayeh MS. Management of healthcare waste in circumstances of limited resources a case study in the hospitals of Nablus city, Palestine. Waste Manag Res 2009 2730512.Ikram A, Hussain Shah SI, Naseem S, Absar SF, Ullah S, Ambreen T, et al. Status of hospital infection control measures at 7 major tertiary care hospitals of northern punjab. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2010 2026670.

Impacts of Green Energy Production on Ireland

Impacts of Green Energy Production on IrelandAn Evaluation of the Impacts of Green Energy Production on the Flora and Fauna of IrelandIntroductionGreen force production has significantly increased in recent years. Its rise is primarily due to environmental concerns and the vital need to find alternative pushing sources as fossil fuels supplies decline. In monetary value of the environment, the use of renewable qualification in order to alleviate the effect of global warming is supported internationally. (Warren, et al., 2005) There ar several sources of renewable readiness used in Ireland today, these include wind power, solar, hydroelectric might and biomass etc.Global Policy and legislation In 1992, at the Earth summit in Rio, many nations joined an international accord, which was known as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (United Nations, 2017). This treaty was put into effect in 1994 and its main aim was to fight the challenges of climate change. In order to achieve this, they bring forwardd constituent states to keep their greenhouse vocalisationicle accelerator emissions at a steady state. (United Nations, 2017). This treaty was accompanied by the Kyoto Protocol which was more than successful as it committed developing countries to reduce their emissions by introducing legitimately binding reduction bearings. (United Nations, 2017)EU policy and legislationIn 1997, the EUs renewable energy policy came ab break through with the implementation of the White Paper which was called Energy for the futurity renewable sources of energy (atomic number 63an Commission , 2011). This paper gave details of how gross energy manipulation in terms of renewable energy take to increase from 6% to 12% by 2010 (European Commission , 2011). Then in 2008 the Commission proposed an ambitious Climate Change and Energy Package. The European Union accepted this package in December of 2008. This energy package stated that European Union segment States must achieve the following targets20% decrease in greenhouse gunslinger emissions by 2020 in comparison to the 1990 levels.20% increase in the use of renewables.20% increase in energy capacity.(European Commission , 2011)All EU Member States were required to draw up National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) as part of the Renewable Energy Directive (European Commission , 2011). These NREAPs outlined the focussing in which each Member State aimed to go steady their approved share of the everywhereall target of a 20% increase of renewables in energy consumption by 2020. Additionally, the NREAP must also describe the steps that will be taken to improve and grow the use of renewable energy. Examples of this include improving conditions to take more access to electricity gird lines as considerably as having less administrative barriers. (European Commission , 2011).Irelands Policy and LegislationIrelands renewable energy policy and legislation is entir ely based on the context of European legal responsibilities. Our policies and legislations are specified in legion(predicate) Directives and Regulations, as well as in many international and national targets (Dineen, et al., 2015). In terms of the NREAP, Ireland submitted its final intend to the European Commission at the end June in 2010. We submitted our initial progress typography in the January of 2012 followed by the second report two years later in February 2014 (Dineen, et al., 2015). There are many schemes that are carried out nationally to meet the EUs 2020 targets.Irelands Strategy for Renewable Energy 2012 2020, proposed an ambitious statement which stated that Ireland could become a world-wide leader in the research and progress of renewable energy and former(a) associated technologies (Dineen, et al., 2015). Irelands strategy for renewable energy recognises five goals, some of which include an increase in both onshore and offshore wind the construction of a sustaina ble bioenergy sector and building robust and efficient electricity networks etc. (Dineen, et al., 2015).Under the European Union Directive 2012 on energy efficiency all member states, including Ireland must redeem a NREAP. The European Energy Directive placed energy efficiency at the forefront of the EU Energy 2020 strategy. It became a part of the law in Ireland through the SI 426 of 2014 and SI 131 of 2014 (Dineen, et al., 2015). The directive is aimed at keeping energy use from economic growth separate as well as setting out a mutual model of measures to meet the European Unions 20% target in energy efficiency by 2020 (Dineen, et al., 2015).It is prerequi set that all member states submit three National Energy Efficiency Action Plans to the European Commission over a seven-year period. The action plans should detail the measures think to meet the 20-20 targets (Dineen, et al., 2015). Irelands initial National Energy Efficiency Action Plan was available in May 2009. It reitera ted the target which was originally included in 2007 in the White Paper on energy efficiency. This target aimed to save approximately 20% of the average primary energy used from a period of 2001 2005, with this target being reached by 2020 (Dineen, et al., 2015).In terms of Irelands legislation on the protection of vegetation and fauna, the protection of biodiversity on an international front comes from the Convention on biological Diversity (CBD), in the form of an extensive strategy towards sustainable development. The CBD has three main aims which includeTo conserve biodiversity.To sustainably use the components of biodiversity.To share the benefits that come from the use of hereditary resources in a just and impartial way.(A, et al., 2005)Irelands main policy to protect the flora and fauna is included in the National biodiversity plan Actions for Biodiversity. This action plan outlines how Ireland plans to conserve and protect its biodiversity. This policy is supported by the following legislationBirds Directive 1979Habitats Directive 1992 (Natura 2000 sites)Wildlife Act 1976, plus amendment Act 2000Irish Flora surety Order 2015(Scheer, et al., 2016)DiscussionCurrently there are numerous different types of renewable energy available in Ireland, which include wind power, solar, hydroelectric energy and biomass etc. This section is going to focus on just wind and hydroelectric energy. sprain Power background drift power began to draw touch just after the oil shocks in the 1970s and it only started to grow during the 1990s (Warren, et al., 2005). Today, wind energy is at the forefront in terms of renewable energy as it has emerged as one of the cleanest, safest and cheapest sources of energy. Since the 90s the content of wind generating energy has been doubling approximately every three years and the production costs pass on been decreasing thus making it a favourable source of energy. In Ireland, the first operational windfarm came about in 1992 and as of 2015 there were 228 operational windfarms extradite across 27 counties (Irish Wind Energy Association, 2017). These windfarms are producing a wind capacity of 3025 megawatts. It is estimated that the value of 1MW can provide energy for approximately 650 homes, therefore the capacity of 3025MW is providing enough energy for 1.97 million homes in Ireland (Irish Wind Energy Association, 2017). However, for these windfarms to be effective it is vital that they are located in open, exposed areas where wind facilitate is high. Thus, the uplands, coastal and offshore areas are generally proposed (Drewitt Langsto, 2006).ImpactsFrom a report carried out by BirdLife (BirdLife Europe , 2011), wind power energy was classified as a medium risk technology, therefore meaning that it can have veto impacts i.e. habitat disturbance especially in terms of sensitive species. However, if the correct framework policies are in place and if they are strategically organised then they can be develope d without any negative impacts (BirdLife Europe , 2011). Areas such as the uplands, coastal and offshore are important habitats for migratory, breeding and wintering birds and therefore their habitats may be affected by the development of windfarms. However, the impact of wind farms on bird populations can vary and depend on different aspects including the habitats that are affected, the species that are present, the topography of the adjacent land and finally the biogeographic range of a species (Drewitt Langsto, 2006).At numerous poorly sited wind farms (specifically at offshore sites) collision mortality has had a significant effect on population level (BirdLife Europe , 2011).In addition, more indirect effects such as access to remote areas i.e. tracks may lead to an increased level of disturbance or an increased risk of predation. cumulative mortality may contribute to the decline in more susceptible species due to opposite environmental or anthropogenic pressures (BirdLife Europe , 2011). Thus, impacts that are site specific in addition to effects on the local wildlife populations are in fact relevant apprehensions if windfarms are not developed properly. To mitigate the effects of developing windfarms there are two directives under EU environmental legislation that are directly applicable to the development of wind farms. These directives include sea Directive (Strategic environmental Assessments)EIA Directive (Environmental Impact Assessments)(European Commission , 2011)Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) are assessments that authorities use to improve spatial plans for various infrastructure needs such as energy installations (BirdLife Europe , 2011). These assessments include the process of analysing as well as allowing the publics input to combine the analysis of environmental protection into plans and to encourage sustainability through investment programmes (BirdLife Europe , 2011). Furthermore, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) a re carried out by developers with the aim of avoiding, reducing and mitigating the impacts of projects. They then consider their findings in the planning decisions (BirdLife Europe , 2011)Hydroelectricity backgroundHydroelectricity is another major source of renewable energy and it is made from the movement of body of water. It is currently the worlds most extensively used source of renewable energy (O Rourke, et al., 2009). Three different categories of hydroelectric plants occur which includeImpoundment - most prevalent and known kind of hydroelectric plant. It uses a dam to keep the water in a reservoir and a turbine releases the water, therefore generating electricity.Diversion the water is diverted/transferred from the river over a canal which turns the turbine.Pumped storage water is pump from a low reservoir into a higher reservoir when the electricity demand is low. Thus, electricity is generated when the electricity demand is high and the water is released. (O Rourke, et al., 2009)In terms of Ireland, hydroelectric energy is our second greatest source of renewable energy, just behind wind. The development of this energy will increase with more focus on the smaller scale hydroelectricity plants. Currently the ESB oversee the larger-scale plants and they have stated that these plants supply approximately 6% of our electricity (O Rourke, et al., 2009).ImpactsHydroelectric plants can have numerous negative impacts on both the land and in terms of wildlife. Firstly, hydroelectricity plants can have a significant effect on aquatic ecosystems. For example, fish and several other species can be wounded or killed by the turbine blades, however there has been numerous mitigation methods to minimize these impacts e.g. fish ladders and in-take screens (UCS, 2017). As mentioned above the most leafy vegetable types of hydroelectric power plants use a dam and a reservoir and they generally can hinder the migration patterns of fish, thus affecting their populatio n. These plants can also have an impact on the flow of the river and on the water temperature i.e. the temperature not being consistent. These changes can have a significant effect on the native flora and fauna in the river and on the land (Environment and Ecology , 2017). Wildlife impacts can also occur within the dammed reservoir in addition to downstream from the plant. Water from a reservoir is generally more stationary compared to normal river water (UCS, 2017). As a result, it would be expected for the reservoir to have a higher aggregate of sediment and nutrients, which in turn would promote a surplus amount of algae and other aquatic weeds (UCS, 2017). This then allows the weeds to crowd out additional flora and fauna that exist in the river. (UCS, 2017).ConclusionIrelands Current StateIreland has made significant progress towards achieving the energy efficiency and renewable energy targets. From a report carried out by SEAI (Scheer, et al., 2016) in 2016 they stated that t o date Ireland has done the followingIn terms of our energy efficiency target, Ireland has energy efficiency savings relating to about half of the countrys 2020 energy efficiency target (Scheer, et al., 2016).In terms of meeting our 2020 renewable energy target, we are also just over half way with 8.6% of our gross final consumption coming from renewables in 2014 (Scheer, et al., 2016).This has been achieved due to more than 40,000 homes and more than 550 businesses using some form of renewable energy. In terms of heat, 6.6% of the national 12% heat target has been achieved by end 2014 (Scheer, et al., 2016).Additionally, since 2003 around 190 wind farms, linked across 24 counties, have been developed. This compares to 2,375 MW of renewable electricity capacity.In total, over 6 million tonnes of CO2 emissions have been avoided each year through using energy efficient and renewable energy technologies (Scheer, et al., 2016).In terms of wind power energy, with careful development they can prove to be successful as they dont produce greenhouse gas emissions, pollutants, outflowing or waste. In addition, its a natural source of energy.Hydroelectricity also has potential as a source of energy, as stated above it currentlyprovides approximately 6% of our electricity. However, Ireland is limited to a small number of large-scale of hydro sites for the generation of power. (O Rourke, et al., 2009).ReferencesA, Z., C, M. D, B., 2005. The Convention on Biodiversity and Its Potential Implications for the Agricultural Sector in Europe, s.l. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) .BirdLife Europe , 2011. Meeting europes renewable energy targets in harmony with nature , Sandy, U.K The RSPB.Dineen, D. D., Howley, M. Holland, M., 2015. Renewable Energy in Ireland 2013, s.l. SEAI.Drewitt, A. L. Langsto, R. H., 2006. Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds. International journal of Avian science , 148(S1), pp. 29-42.Environment and Ecology , 2017. Hydropower and the Environment. Online Available at http//environment-ecology.com/energy-and-environment/100-hydropower-and-the-environment.htmlAccessed 30 January 2017.European Commission , 2011. Wind Energy developments and natura 2000, Luxembourg European Union.Irish Wind Energy Association , 2017. Irish Wind Energy Association Environmental Impacts. Online Available at http//www.iwea.com/environmentalimpactsAccessed 30 January 2017.Irish Wind Energy Association, 2017. Irish Wind Energy Association. Online Available at http//www.iwea.com/index.cfm/page/windenergyfaqs?q19Accessed 28 January 2017.O Rourke, F., Boyle, F. Reynolds, A., 2009. Renewable energy sources and technologies applicable to Ireland. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews , Volume 13, pp. 1975-1984.Scheer, J., Clancy, M. Gaffney, F., 2016. Irelands Energy Targets, Progress, pipe dream Impacts, s.l. SEAI Energy.UCS, 2017. Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power. Online Available at http//www.ucsusa.org/clean_en ergy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html.WI-UvfmLTIUAccessed 30 January 2017.United Nations, 2017. The UN and climate change. Online Available at http//www.un.org/climatechange/towards-a-climate-agreement/Accessed 10 February 2017.Warren, C. R., Lumsden, C., ODowd, S. Birnie, R. V., 2005. Green On Green Public Perceptions of. diary of Environmental Planning and Management, Volume 48, pp. 853-875.

William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra Essay -- Shakespeare Antony

William Shakespeares Antony and CleopatraShakespeares Antony and Cleopatra is aptly named, not just because the wanton away centers around these two characters, but in like manner because it encompasses the consorts fixation on the lovers oppositional relationship. On the surface level, Antony embodies the Roman ideals of a good, noble man, while Cleopatra represents the hyper-sexualized, dangerous Eastern woman. However, upon further examination some(prenominal) Antony and Cleopatra display complicated internal conflicts that effectively reverse these polar positions repeatedly throughout the play. In this way, the opposition between Antony and Cleopatra that exists on a simple, interpersonal level is echoed by more complicated, internal conflicts within each of these characters on a deeper, more individual level. The tension between the title characters creates the love that draws them together at the same time as it drives them further apart, thus establishing yet another layer of antagonistic relationships within the play. The importance of these oppositional relationships is underlined most starkly in defend II.2. In particular Enobarbus speech describing Cleopatras beauty functions as one of the greatest statements of the plays conflicting themes. This speech reflects the antagonistic nature of the plays central relationships through the invocation of equivalent antagonistic relationships between the violent descriptors used to depict Cleopatra. Throughout the play, Shakespeare establishes a love-hate relationship between Antony and Cleopatra. In doing so, there are times when the lovers are characterized as stark opposites of each other as well as instances where these characterizations are reversed. The Romans, represented b... ...defining Antony and Cleopatras every bit oppositional relationship. The battles within her reflect Antonys personal struggles, as well as the great wars within their relationship. Thus, the dualities wi thin Enobarbus speech reflect the oppositional relationships both(prenominal) within the play as a whole and within the greater context of Act II.ii. Antony and Cleopatra struggle to define themselves on intra- and inter-personal levels as well as within the greater societal sphere. Ultimately, they can never fully resolve the polar oppositions that exist both within and between them. This results in the physical and emotional violence that is both reflected and predicted in Enobarbus speech.Work CitedBeggared. Oxford English Dictionary. http//dictionary.oed.com/ Accessed 10/17/05Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra. New York Penguin Books, 1999.

Emptiness in The Hollow Men Essay -- Hollow Men Essays

Emptiness in The Hollow Men After Eliot had published The shove along Land, he felt as though he had not been able to fully convey the sense of desperation and emptiness in that work. Beginning with Doriss Dream Songs and Eyes I Last Saw in Tears, he explored these themes, eventually uniting all such poems in The Hollow Men. The end yield is a work that, unlike The Waste Land and its ultimate chance for redemption, has only the indelible emptiness of the hollow workforce as its conclusion. The hollow men are those who, in life, did not act on their beliefs they resisted any action at all, and as a result stagnate eternally in the Shadow, a land in between heaven and hell, completely isolated from both. Eliots allusions give a familiar literary and popular basis to the setting, while the symbols and melodic progression convey the futility and spiritual brokenness of the men. The poems initial epigraph, Mistah Kurtz-- He dead is the first of many allusions to Conrads novel, Heart of Darkness. Eliot uses the references to draw the readers attention to the moral situation of Kurtz and the others who have crossed/ With direct eyes, to deaths other Kingdom. These men and Kurtz defined themselves through their actions, whether or not they were good. In Baudelaires words, So far as we are human, what we do must be either evil or good so far as we do evil or good, we are human and it is better, in a paradoxical way, to do evil than to do nothing at least, we exist (Drew 94). An entire description of the condition of the hollow men, this quote has also been used in criticism of Heart of Darkness. Thus the (spiritual) stagnation of the tumid river and those who wait beside it is contrasted with the dynamici... ...ubmission to a valet de chambre that ends not with a bang but a whimper. Works Cited Brady, Ann Patrick. Lyricism in the Poetry of T.S. Eliot. London Kennikat Press, 1978. Drew, Elizabeth. T.S. Eliot The Design of His Poetry. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1949. Headings, Philip R.. T.S. Eliot, Revised Edition. capital of Massachusetts Twayne Publishers, 1982. Moody, A. David. The Cambridge Companion to T.S. Eliot. Cambridge University of Cambridge Press, 1994. Moody, A. David. T.S. Eliot, Poet. Cambridge University of Cambridge Press, 1994. Raine, Craig. The Awful Daring of T.S. Eliot. The Guardian. 21. August 19, 1988. Roessel, David. Guy Fawkes Day and the Versailles Peace in The Hollow Men. English Language Notes, Sept. 1990. 52-58. Vol. 28. Williamson, George. A Readers Guide to T.S. Eliot. New York Octagon Books, 1974.

On the Futures of the Subject :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

On the Futures of the SubjectABSTRACT This paper is mean as an inquiry regarding contemporaneous critical assays of subjectivity. In response to the contemporary politics of representation, both in expressions of essentialist identity politics and in versions of social constructivism, and their synthesis of all pedagogical practices in transfers of power, I wish to project the question of the subjects futures. I choose to discuss the limits of the interior, monadic subject for consideration not only its diachronic and contemporary effects in the politics of representation, but also for the possibility of thinking beyond it. In the spirit of Foucaults ethical project only a special kind of curiosity and a thinking otherwise could, if luck and wit permit, allow us as individual subjects to go beyond ourselves. view otherwise, when possible, could also suggest going beyond ourselves collectively in the creation of provisional critical pedagogical and ethical community.The notion of a decentered subject, now stick on to postmodern thought and practice, remains elusive. As a sometimes notorious, sometimes vogue tenet of cultural politics, the multiple, positioned subject breaks from traditional anchorages, whether theological, philosophical and political and their cultivation of experience. Most difficult for public critical reception are accounts of fragmentation and centerless identity, fueling charges that a moral vacuum has been excavated. The risk of losing any guarantee to permanence, come in and a planned purpose to life is too great a secular leap into the void for most modern individuals to accept. While the specters of social fragmentation have been recognized as modes of experience under reifying modern social relations, the split subject, from Descartes to Freud and, on into postmodernisms displacements, a nostalgia for a substantial, core self persists. This paper is intended as an inquiry regarding contemporary critical assays of subjectivity. In response to the contemporary politics of representation, both in expressions of essentialist identity politics and in versions of social constructivism, and their implication of all pedagogical practices in transfers of power, I wish to project the question of the subjects futures.I choose to discuss the limits of the interior, monadic subject for consideration not only its historical and contemporary effects in the politics of representation, but also for the possibility of thinking beyond it. In the spirit of Foucaults ethical project only a special kind of curiosity and a thinking otherwise could, if luck and wit permit, allow us as individual subjects to go beyond ourselves.

A look a Pratical Magic :: essays research papers

hardheaded Magic was released October 16, 1998. The story is about two sisters who break a curse that had been placed on their family for over 200 years, by their rootage Maria. Throughout the movie the theme is caper. Practical Magic helps to break the false images placed on enthrales and magic throughout time, but at times, the movie, still upholds almost of the negative views of witches. There argon many separates that are set upon modern witchcraft and magic in todays society that Hollywood has helped to maintain. In society there are people that are the selected voice of the general public in critiquing movies. I will be looking at Practical Magics use of magic to see how they break or perpetuate the following stereotypes physical appearance of a witch, the witch as an outcast, and the types of magic and how they were shown throughout the movie. When looking at the main characters Sally, Gillian, Jet and Frances, the viewer will see different physical appearances of how H ollywood views the possible appearance of a witch A witch throughout history is usually a hag, old, poor, handicapped, or ugly (Guiley 371). In the movie, the Owens women are what most people would consider quite beautiful. They are just like normal people with the exception of the fact that they have a gift. The aunts Jet and Frances in the movie would be considered to follow the typical stereotype of a witch that is old but even though they are typical old woman that lives on the outskirts of town they break the stereotypical medieval image of a witch being ugly and a hag but they also perpetuate other stereotypes by dressing in rich 19th century clothing. Their style screams Im different. The aunts seem to be aging quite well. They appear to look young for their age. In one scene, when the detective goes in to town to ask about the Owens sisters, he gets an ear full about how the aunts dont age. Many in the town intend this is due to the fact that they are witches.There is one more image of a witch portrayed in history. This image is from the other end of the spectrum. sooner of being a hag or ugly, she is beautiful and a seductive woman. Sally destroys the image of both of the stereotypes of what a witch looks like.

Heroic Slave Rebel in Delaneys Blake or the Huts of America and Dougla

Heroic hard worker Rebel in Delaneys Blake or the Huts of America and Douglass Heroic SlaveThe fundamental element of a successful slave mutiny is a heroic slave rebel. Madison Washington of Frederick Douglass The Heroic Slave and Henry Blake of Martin Delanys Blake or the Huts of America serve as models of that rebel. First, he must get a will to stay and fight-he must not be content to just run away and gain individual freedom, abandoning his family and friends. Second, he needs intelligence, and rather education as well, to be able to organize large, complex plans of rebellion. Fin totallyy, he must be a natural leader, drawing fellow slaves and free abolitionists to survey him and fight for his cause. Throughout the novels, examples of all of these characteristics can be found in both heroic slave rebels.For most American slaves, there were only devil paths to freedom running away or successfully plotting and carrying out a rebellion. The path of flight was much easier and was the path chosen by almost all dissatisfied slaves who decided to take action. The slave who decided to stay and fight instead of fleeing had to have a force holding him back. This force could be describe as a sense of duty to family and friends or a remarkable desire to make a change in the nation as a whole rather than just improving his own life. Both Madison Washington and Henry Blake, like all heroic slave rebels, were affected by this force, held back by it. They had acquired their individual freedom through flight, but then were called back to aid their families and friends. Without this force pulling them back, they would have been content to remain as runaways in Canada and would not have become heroic slave rebels.Throughout th... ...hite man, I would have followed willingly and gladly in any honorable enterprisingness (Douglass 68). Madison Washingtons leadership skills during the insurrection aboard the ship were so great that they even impressed an old, prejudiced white sailor. Without this quality of leadership, his rebellion would have never been executed successfully.These three characteristics-a will to stay and fight instead of running, intelligence, and great leadership-are all necessary to the successful rebel. Both Madison Washington of Frederick Douglass The Heroic Slave and Henry Blake of Martin Delaneys Blake or the Huts of America embodied these characteristics and serve as good examples of the heroic slave rebel. Works CitedDelaney, Martin R. Blake or the Hunts of America. Boston Beacon, 1970.Douglass, Frederick. The Heroic Slave. New York, Penguin Books, 2003.