On the Futures of the Subject :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

On the Futures of the SubjectABSTRACT This paper is mean as an inquiry regarding contemporaneous critical assays of subjectivity. In response to the contemporary politics of representation, both in expressions of essentialist identity politics and in versions of social constructivism, and their synthesis of all pedagogical practices in transfers of power, I wish to project the question of the subjects futures. I choose to discuss the limits of the interior, monadic subject for consideration not only its diachronic and contemporary effects in the politics of representation, but also for the possibility of thinking beyond it. In the spirit of Foucaults ethical project only a special kind of curiosity and a thinking otherwise could, if luck and wit permit, allow us as individual subjects to go beyond ourselves. view otherwise, when possible, could also suggest going beyond ourselves collectively in the creation of provisional critical pedagogical and ethical community.The notion of a decentered subject, now stick on to postmodern thought and practice, remains elusive. As a sometimes notorious, sometimes vogue tenet of cultural politics, the multiple, positioned subject breaks from traditional anchorages, whether theological, philosophical and political and their cultivation of experience. Most difficult for public critical reception are accounts of fragmentation and centerless identity, fueling charges that a moral vacuum has been excavated. The risk of losing any guarantee to permanence, come in and a planned purpose to life is too great a secular leap into the void for most modern individuals to accept. While the specters of social fragmentation have been recognized as modes of experience under reifying modern social relations, the split subject, from Descartes to Freud and, on into postmodernisms displacements, a nostalgia for a substantial, core self persists. This paper is intended as an inquiry regarding contemporary critical assays of subjectivity. In response to the contemporary politics of representation, both in expressions of essentialist identity politics and in versions of social constructivism, and their implication of all pedagogical practices in transfers of power, I wish to project the question of the subjects futures.I choose to discuss the limits of the interior, monadic subject for consideration not only its historical and contemporary effects in the politics of representation, but also for the possibility of thinking beyond it. In the spirit of Foucaults ethical project only a special kind of curiosity and a thinking otherwise could, if luck and wit permit, allow us as individual subjects to go beyond ourselves.

A look a Pratical Magic :: essays research papers

hardheaded Magic was released October 16, 1998. The story is about two sisters who break a curse that had been placed on their family for over 200 years, by their rootage Maria. Throughout the movie the theme is caper. Practical Magic helps to break the false images placed on enthrales and magic throughout time, but at times, the movie, still upholds almost of the negative views of witches. There argon many separates that are set upon modern witchcraft and magic in todays society that Hollywood has helped to maintain. In society there are people that are the selected voice of the general public in critiquing movies. I will be looking at Practical Magics use of magic to see how they break or perpetuate the following stereotypes physical appearance of a witch, the witch as an outcast, and the types of magic and how they were shown throughout the movie. When looking at the main characters Sally, Gillian, Jet and Frances, the viewer will see different physical appearances of how H ollywood views the possible appearance of a witch A witch throughout history is usually a hag, old, poor, handicapped, or ugly (Guiley 371). In the movie, the Owens women are what most people would consider quite beautiful. They are just like normal people with the exception of the fact that they have a gift. The aunts Jet and Frances in the movie would be considered to follow the typical stereotype of a witch that is old but even though they are typical old woman that lives on the outskirts of town they break the stereotypical medieval image of a witch being ugly and a hag but they also perpetuate other stereotypes by dressing in rich 19th century clothing. Their style screams Im different. The aunts seem to be aging quite well. They appear to look young for their age. In one scene, when the detective goes in to town to ask about the Owens sisters, he gets an ear full about how the aunts dont age. Many in the town intend this is due to the fact that they are witches.There is one more image of a witch portrayed in history. This image is from the other end of the spectrum. sooner of being a hag or ugly, she is beautiful and a seductive woman. Sally destroys the image of both of the stereotypes of what a witch looks like.

Heroic Slave Rebel in Delaneys Blake or the Huts of America and Dougla

Heroic hard worker Rebel in Delaneys Blake or the Huts of America and Douglass Heroic SlaveThe fundamental element of a successful slave mutiny is a heroic slave rebel. Madison Washington of Frederick Douglass The Heroic Slave and Henry Blake of Martin Delanys Blake or the Huts of America serve as models of that rebel. First, he must get a will to stay and fight-he must not be content to just run away and gain individual freedom, abandoning his family and friends. Second, he needs intelligence, and rather education as well, to be able to organize large, complex plans of rebellion. Fin totallyy, he must be a natural leader, drawing fellow slaves and free abolitionists to survey him and fight for his cause. Throughout the novels, examples of all of these characteristics can be found in both heroic slave rebels.For most American slaves, there were only devil paths to freedom running away or successfully plotting and carrying out a rebellion. The path of flight was much easier and was the path chosen by almost all dissatisfied slaves who decided to take action. The slave who decided to stay and fight instead of fleeing had to have a force holding him back. This force could be describe as a sense of duty to family and friends or a remarkable desire to make a change in the nation as a whole rather than just improving his own life. Both Madison Washington and Henry Blake, like all heroic slave rebels, were affected by this force, held back by it. They had acquired their individual freedom through flight, but then were called back to aid their families and friends. Without this force pulling them back, they would have been content to remain as runaways in Canada and would not have become heroic slave rebels.Throughout th... ...hite man, I would have followed willingly and gladly in any honorable enterprisingness (Douglass 68). Madison Washingtons leadership skills during the insurrection aboard the ship were so great that they even impressed an old, prejudiced white sailor. Without this quality of leadership, his rebellion would have never been executed successfully.These three characteristics-a will to stay and fight instead of running, intelligence, and great leadership-are all necessary to the successful rebel. Both Madison Washington of Frederick Douglass The Heroic Slave and Henry Blake of Martin Delaneys Blake or the Huts of America embodied these characteristics and serve as good examples of the heroic slave rebel. Works CitedDelaney, Martin R. Blake or the Hunts of America. Boston Beacon, 1970.Douglass, Frederick. The Heroic Slave. New York, Penguin Books, 2003.

Henry David Thoreau and the Power of Non-Violent Resistance Essay

Thoreau contends that men have lost the free will to make individual decisions regarding war, thralldom, and domestic issues because government imposes on its citizens except in its own self interests. (Thoreau 1706). He states government loses its integrity when willing to consider profit over the interests of its citizens, and basic human rights such as slavery and war. (Thoreau 1707). He considers slavery as a hateful and stupid enterprise? (Eulau 119). Thoreau feels such deep disgrace being associated with a government who condones slavery, that he refuses to vote, fee taxes, and makes his only contact with this government the tax collector. (Eulau 121). Thoreau personally does not want to be bothered with the issues of government or slavery, but because of his writings he is desire out by Abolitionists to give speeches for them. He feels idealism, individualism and democracy are not achievable in a society willing to maintain slaves. (Eulau 123). He is obsessed with right, truth and justice for all citizens and encourages nonviolent resistance as the means to effectively abolish slavery. (Eulau 124). This position is different than most(prenominal) Abolitionists of the time. During this time most of his attention is directed at the southern slaves states. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 is the event that leads him to become detached from the State. The treatment of a runaway slave weighs to a great extent on his emotions. His anger leads him to encouragepeople to withdraw farther from the State ...

Charles Lindbergh :: essays research papers

Charles Lindbergh was a man of many accomplishments. In his time, everybody loved him.Charles was well known all over the world. He was a hero, he represented all that couldbe accomplished in the future. He was a figure for doing what naught else thought couldbe done. Lindbergh was one of those people that everyone else wanted to be.     Charles Augustus Lindbergh was born in Detroit on February 4, 1902, to CharlesLindbergh, Sr., and Evangeline Land Lodge. Yet, he grew up in a small town in Nebraska.     Lindbergh was a whiz with mechanics. By come along twelve, he was in charge of drivingand fixing the car. In high school, he assembled a tractor from a mail order kit. When hewas eighteen he entered the University of Wisconsin to study engineering. He found hewas more interested in flying, so after two years of college, he dropped out and became abarnstormer, which was a pilot who performed daredevil stunts at fairs, and airshows.Lindbergh was a favorite among the crowds. People would travel from all different places,even Europe, to come see his daredevil tricks.      In 1924 Lindbergh enlisted in the U.S. Army so he could be trained to be a pilot.During this time he was given the nickname &8220Lucky Lindy because he would sweatdaredevil stunts with his airplane, and always seem to evade punishment from upperofficers. In 1925 he graduated as the top pilot in his class. He in short began working as amail deliverer between St. Louis and Chicago.     Lindbergh soon heard of an offer given in 1919 by a New York hotel possessor namedRaymond Orteig. The offer was this the first aviator to fly nonstop from New York toParis would receive 25,000 dollars. Nobody had succeeded by 1927, and Lindberghdecided he could do it if he had a suitable plane. Remember, in 1919 this was a very scarything to do There was no radio on your plane, so if it went down, you could not call forhelp, and n obody would know where you were. Also, there was no coast guard, no searchand rescue teams, so if you crashed, you were dead. He arranged for nine St. Louisbusinessmen to help him finance his plane. A company in San Diego called RyanAeronautical Company was chosen to construct the plane, which Lindbergh helped design. The plane was named "The Spirit of St. Louis". A transcontinental record wasimmediately set in a test run when Lindbergh flew from San Diego to New York City in

Wedding Reception Speech †Best Man -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Reception Speech Best ManGood afternoon ladies and gentlemen, Im sure youll completely agree its been a fantastic day so far, but unfortunately for every silver lining theres a cloud, and Im yours.For those of you that nurturent bought me a drink yet, Im Simon and Ive been sentenced to world Randys best art object today. Its said that, being asked to be best man is one of the greatest honours you can be given, on the other hand its also one of the most terrible things you can do to a friend, so thank you Randy.Seeing as though this is my first time being best man, I was a little worried as to how long the speech should last so I asked around and the general consensus was that it should go on for about as long as it takes the groom to perform his manly duties in the bedroom.So with that ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much, youve been a great crowd .sit trim brieflyThanksSeriously though and more importantly, Id like to start off by congratulating the happy couple. Im sure youll all agree what a great couple they make.Marriage asks that couples take each other for better or worse and Randy, you really couldnt have make any better. And Judy, . I suppose it could be worseId also like to echo Randys comments and thank everyone again on their behalf for coming and sacramental manduction their special day, particularly those that have travelled long distances. I know how hard i... ... honour its been to be best man today.On behalf of the bride and groom, Id like to echo what I said earlier and thank everyone for sharing their special day.On behalf of myself, I would just like to say that if you have enjoyed this speech half as much as Ive enjoyed giving it, then I can only apologise.I started planning it about a month ago and you must feel that Ive been delivering it for equally as long.So then, Ladies and gentlemen, it gives me immense pleasure, not to mention relief, to invite you all to stand and rebuke your glasses in a toast to Randy and Judy, the new Mr and Mrs Brown. We wish them well for the future, and hope they enjoy a long and happy marriage.Randy and Judy.

Wedding Reception Speech †Best Man -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Reception Speech Best ManGood afternoon ladies and gentlemen, Im sure youll all agree its been a fantastic day so far, but unfortunately for every silver lining theres a cloud, and Im yours.For those of you that harbourt bought me a drink yet, Im Simon and Ive been sentenced to being Randys best man today. Its said that, being asked to be best man is one of the greatest honours you can be given, on the other hand its also one of the most portentous things you can do to a friend, so thank you Randy.Seeing as though this is my first time being best man, I was a wee worried as to how long the speech should last so I asked around and the general consensus was that it should go on for about as long as it takes the groom to perform his manly duties in the bedroom.So with that ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much(prenominal), youve been a great crowd .sit down brieflyThanksSeriously though and more importantly, Id like to start off by congratulating the happy checkmate. Im sure youll all agree what a great couple they make.Marriage asks that couples take each other for better or worse and Randy, you really couldnt have done any better. And Judy, . I suppose it could be worseId also like to echo Randys comments and thank everyone again on their behalf for coming and sharing their special day, particularly those that have traveled long distances. I know how hard i... ... honour its been to be best man today.On behalf of the bride and groom, Id like to echo what I said earlier and thank everyone for sharing their special day.On behalf of myself, I would just like to say that if you have enjoyed this speech half as much as Ive enjoyed giving it, then I can only apologise.I started planning it about a month ago and you must odor that Ive been delivering it for equally as long.So then, Ladies and gentlemen, it gives me immense pleasure, not to mention relief, to invite you all to stand and raise your glasses in a scrunch to Randy and Judy, the new M r and Mrs Brown. We wish them well for the future, and hope they enjoy a long and happy marriage.Randy and Judy.

Education system Essay

immediately almost either orbit is bear on nigh training rearing system as it fanny travel by to stinting proceeds and soul prosperity. However, secure amounts of money spent on grooming non incessantly collide with country successfully.Therefore the negative berth equivalent unemployment is of import to consider. The cay line of work for many green people is that after graduation they pick out no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if just now gamy comprise susceptibility opens doors to break up job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly change their lives. former(a) booking can be powerful instrument for reducing distress and inequality. In that case, the country essential instigate opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There ar nigh(prenominal) places in the world, where non everyone has an opportunity to receive formal typesetters case of teaching. In fact, children convey to assist their p atomic number 18nts in factor ies or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not look at acquisition counterbalance if they exigency it.It is clear seen that nations with high standard of living al guidances tolerate prominent lot to attain desirable reproduction. It seems like the exclusively way for poorer countries to improve their carry out of economical growth is to pay a muddle of heed to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The governing should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to suck knowledge.In conclusion, scholarship and knowledge is a big investment in the rising provided that other aspects of life history are considered. National well-being is closely link to education scienceNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not invariably affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to p ay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for r educing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education at tainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have n o possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested inevery citizen ensu ring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not ever yone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial a mounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countrie s to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. Thekey problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Othe rwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. N ational well-being is closely linked to education attainmentNowadays almost every country is concerned about developing education system as it can lead to economic growth and individual prosperity. However, substantial amounts of money spent on education not always affect country successfully.Therefore the negative side like unemployment is important to consider. The key problem for many young people is that after graduation they have no possibility to find a job. Furthermore, if only high cost qualification opens doors to better job, families from poorer backgrounds can hardly improve their lives.Otherwise qualification can be powerful instrument for reducing poverty andinequality. In that case, the country must promote opportunities for people from all backgrounds. There are some places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive formal type of education. In fact, children have to help their parents in factories or do farm work. In other words, some young people can not choose learning even if they want it.It is clearly seen that nations with high standard of living always provide great circumstances to attain desirable education. It seems like the only way for poorer countries to improve their process of economic growth is to pay a lot of attention to development of education system. Moreover, they must be interested in every citizen. The authorities should be interested in every citizen ensuring equal opportunities to gain knowledge.In conclusion, learning and knowledge is a big investment in the future provided that other aspects of life are considered. National well-being is closely linked to education attainment

Ethical Issues with Stealing

Case- Study Method 1. Identify the ethical issues * she is being paid double * she has not reported it after 2 and a half months * the funds is not hers * she can get in a lot of trouble * she cyphers bad in front of other colleagues if they were to ever baring out. 2. Identify two possible plausible courses of action * tell Human Resources they made a mistake and give back the money * keep the money and hope no one notices. 3. Identify and quickly define some ethical theories Rawls the sterling(prenominal) amount of good for the worst off people * He would have thought that regardless of intentions the ends is more important than the gist. * Difference principle applies because it justifies that creating (or increasing) inequality is ethical only if doing so also benefits the worst off members of society. * Utilitarianism * The greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people * Wouldnt support this because it is a selfish act * The intentions dont matter it depends on the pith of the situation. Francine would benefit from the situation but the department would be losing money so the greatest amount of people would not be benefit. * Veil of Ignorance * Original postal service assume the state of nature hwere theres no cooperation * Everyone is perfectly rational and completely self0interested * No knowledge of race, sex, age, socioeconomic position, marital status, local, abilities/ skill, intelligence, etc. this means that Francine would not have the knowledge that she was being overpaid and continue on being ignorant about it. . Analyze the courses of action using the ethical theories use theories above. 5. look at the considerations and come to a single recommendation for action * Francine should report that she is being paid double because it is not ethical to be receiving money for no reason. * Could be considered stealing * Looks bad upon her * Makes her seem untrustworthy * Can lose her job * No one will have respect for her * Only b enefits herself (her debit) 6. Justify your recommendations with reasons look above.

Henry Fayol Essay

The industrial Revolution of the 19th Century had paved the way to the development of setd systematic approaches to counselling. One of the most influential contri scarcelyors to the man long timement theory is Henry Fayol. He was the first man get on withment theorist who used the term administration. His theory is gener onlyy understood as administrative management theory or Fayolism. In his theory, he focused on the conduce-level management and passenger cars actions, divided the activities of an placement into 6 groups and place 6 managerial qualities for a manager. Importantly, he devised the famous 14 formulas of management and 5 elements of management process. After this, people begin to study his theory and acquiesce the unafraid positive evaluation of his contri simplyion until some decades after his death.This project assignment gives a review almost the overview of life and the development of native progress to of management theorist, Henry Fayol. The aim of the project is to understand his concepts of management that atomic number 18 interoperable in top-level management. A nonher goal with the project is to examine his principles and elements of management as slide bylines to be applied for all managers. And also, this project assignment gives some dapples of view about his theory contributes to modern concepts of management and his acquisition in his life conviction.Henry Fayol was a French administrative management theorist and well-known as the father of modern management. He had a extraordinary life. He was born on 29 July 1841 in Istanbul, Turkey. Born that year, his father was an engineer who was appointed superintendent of works to build a bridge over the Golden Horn in Istanbul. A few years later, he and his family returned to France in 1847 when he was a child.Had a period time, Fayol studied at the mining school Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines in Saint-Etienne of France and at last graduated in 1860. When he w as age of 19, he began working as an engineer at a large mining fellowship which a coal-mining and agitate foundry combine, Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambeault-Decazeville in Commentry, France. Through his efforts, he was promoted as mines manager and ultimately became the managing director of the company in 1888. He changed companys operation with his entrepreneurial approach to management thinking. At that time, the company employed more than 1,000 people. By 1900, the company was one of the largest producers of iron and steel in France and regarded as a full of life national industry. In his career, he held that target over 30 years until 1918. Unfortunately, he was dead at age of 84 on 19 November 1925 in Paris, France.As early as 1900, Fayol formulated and wrote papers about his administrative management ideas from his own experiences. He examined the nature of management and first mentioned the elements of administration which came from his make. His disc was published in 1916 and was named as Administration Industrielle et Generale, a comprehensive theory of administration where he described and classified administrative management roles and processes. In 1949, Constance Storrs translated his book in English and entitled General and Industrial Management which led to his theory was recognized by others.Henry Fayol emphasized the importance of taking a wider view on the organization as a whole, but the analytical approaches were similar. In his work, General and Industrial Management which was published in English in 1949, he outlined his theory of general management which he believed could be applied to the administration of any industries. He enlightened managers on how to accomplish their managerial duties and the practices in which they should engage. He paid attention to the functions of administration and to this end he presented the principles and elements of management.As Fayol mentioned in his book allone needs some concepts of manageme nt in the home, in affairs of state, the need for managerial ability is in keeping with the importance of the undertaking, and for individual people the need is everywhere in greater accordance with the position occupied. excerpted from General and Industrial Management.Firstly, Fayol observed the organizational functioning from managers point of view. He found that all activities of an organization could be classified into half a dozen groups. These six groups of activities always present in a managerial post and are clearly shown in the following figure 2. visualize 2 6 Activities of an OrganizationTechnical activities relate to increaseion, manufacture and adaptation Commercial activities involve buying, selling and exchange Financial activities search for capital and its optimum use earnest activities look for protection of property and persons Accounting activities include stocktaking, balance sheets, costs and statistics managerial activities consist of intendning, organi zing, commanding, organize and controlling.Fayol pointed out that these activities exist in every organization. He argued that all managers required capability in all six functions. He also insisted that the managerial position determined the level of each function where full covered the total job and varying percentages should be assigned to each function. He further observed these six groups of activities and divided his approach of studying management into three parts managerial qualities and training, general principles of management and elements of management process.In managerial qualities and training, Fayol identified the ingrained qualities required for a manager. According to his observation, the qualities of a manager see to possess under six aspects of qualities. These six aspects of qualities required are clearly shown in the following figure 3.Figure 3 6 Managerial QualitiesPhysical qualities contain health, vigour and address mental qualities contain ability to unde rstand and learn, judgement, mental vigour and capability moral qualities contain energy, firmness, initiative, loyalty, tact and dignity general education symbolises that having basic common sense special knowledge means that peculiar to the function being performed work experience mean that arising practice from the work.The possession of these qualities differs in degree between a manager and another. The implication is that a manager may be more suited to a post which emphasizes the need for one or other of the six functions.Fayol listed the need for management training and then identified 14 principles of management to serve as guidelines to help management resolve work problems and manage their affairs more efficaciously. The 14 principles of management are clearly shown in the following figure 4.Figure 4 14 Principles of ManagementDivision of work is the first principle. Fayol believed that if a person specializes, that person will concentrate in the same subject fields a nd acquire a special ability and accuracy that will increase the effectiveness and consequently the productivity.The right or power to give orders to subordinates is authority. Fayol remarked that authority comes with responsibility and vice versa. A manager should not be given authority without responsibility and should never be given responsibility without the associated authority to get the things done.Discipline is certainly ingrained for the smooth running of business. Employees must obey the organizational rules. Good discipline must result from an agreement between firm and employees with fairness and clear fellow spiriting of both sides.Fayol realized that different orders from different bosses may bring the problems and proposed the unity of command which means that an employee should receive instructions from one superior only in order to avoid conflict and confusion.Fayol explained that unity of direction is organizational activities with the same objective should be g uided by one manager, using one plan. It is essential to focus the effort in the same direction and ensure action is properly coordinated.About subordination of individual interest to general interest, the interests of one employee should not be allowed to become more historic than the group. It is important to separate personal and business affairs. While an employee is working, his mind and thoughts should be about the job and business goals.Every employee is worthy of his salary and it must be totally fair. In the best case, it would satisfy the firm and the employee. Also, rewards should be used as a tool of encouragement. This principle is analyzed by Fayol as the remuneration.Centralization is about proportion and individual cases. Fayol remarked that the degree of centralization varies according to different cases. This principle refers to how close employees are to the decision-making process. It is important to aim for an appropriate balance.The line of authority from top to the lowest ranks of management is scalar chain and it is related with the centralization. Fayol pointed out that some procedures need speedy actions and for this occasion it is plainly needed the approval of the immediate superior. Employees should be aware of where they stand in the organizations hierarchy or chain of command.Order refers to everything should have its place. Materials and people should be in right place at right time in the workplace. The workplace facilities must be clean, tidy and safe for employees.Fayol regarded beauteousness as a sense of justice and fairness should pervade in an organization. Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates at all times, both primary(prenominal)taining discipline as necessary and acting with kindness where appropriate.Fayol analyzed the stability of tenure of personnel is a reflection of a good running of the business, an employee takes time to adapt to a position and a turnover is not efficient. So, personnel pl anning should be a priority. Managers should strive to minimize employee turnover and ensure replacements at hand when vacancies arise. first is commonly known as thinking out a plan and doing what it takes to make it happen. Fayol said that the initiative of all represents a great resource of potence for businesses and a manager should grant satisfaction to subordinates. Management should encourage employees to originate and carry out plans, this will increase their confidence and so they might feel more valuable for the company. This urging tends to boost levels of effort.Esprit de corps is the last principle. It emphasizes organizations should strive to foster team spirit is the way to construct harmony and unity among employees. Fayol in demand(p) the efficient team work by using extensive face-to-face verbal communication in order to accomplish this objective.It is important to stress that the 14 principles are not rigid and the principles enunciated are not aimed at being ex haustive. Fayol emphasized the universality of such principles and their applications are not only to business but also for the success of all associations.As Fayol mentioned in his book Seldom do we have to apply the same principle twice in kindred conditions allowance must be made for different changing circumstances Therefore principlesmust be flexible and capable of adaptation to every need it is a matter of knowing how to make use of them which is a difficult art requiring intelligence, experience, decision, and proportion. excerpt from General and Industrial Management.From these principles, Fayol concluded that management should interact with personnel in tail fin basic ways in order to plan and control production. According to him, To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to coordinate and to control. He stated that management should be viewed as a process consisting of 5 elements which go hand in hand with the principles. Therefore, the management pr ocess was represented by these 5 elements are shown in figure 5.Figure 5 5 Elements of Management ProcessPlanning is one of the most important elements in ensuring business success as it predicts prox events that determine the next move of the organization. Planning is related to forecast that examine how the future would be like foresight, prevent and design actions in advance. It is necessary to distinguish what are the goals and how to accomplish them through a strategy, considering the realistic capabilities and resources to determine appropriate organizational goals. According to Fayol, The best of plans cannot anticipate all unexpected occurrences which may arise, but it does include a place for these events and prepare the weapons which may be needed at the moment of being surprised.Organizing involves ways which organizational structure is veritable as well as the flow of communication and authority. Fayol argued that once a plan of action is designed, management need to put the plan into practice and organize the practicality of achieving those plans. Management also need to provide everything necessary to carry it out including raw materials, tools, capital and human resources. This can be from recruiting the right staff, to organizing the restructuring of the structure of the company so it operates in an efficient manner.Commanding is how management direct staffs through effective communication and the use of discipline and remuneration. Management need to implement the plan and have an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of their personnel. Fayol stated that management must encourage and direct personnel activity. Management must motivate their staff whilst at the same time meet the goals and target that have been set.Coordinating means that management must work to harmonize all the activities to facilitate organizational success. Communication is the prime coordinating mechanism. Fayol stated that management must make certain that per sonnel work unneurotic in a cooperative fashion. Put simply, things should work together effectively and efficiently. So when planning the structure of the organization, management need to make sure that different sections work and support each other in helping the organization do well.Controlling is the final element of management process involves the comparison of the activities of the personnel to the plan of action and it is the evaluation component of management. Fayol stated that management should monitoring device everything occurs in conformity with policy and ensure personnel follow their commands. Management have to make sure that any problems sufficient actions plans are put in place to rectify the problem. At the end of the day, it is managements responsibility that the organization has done well.As Fayol mentioned in his book The responsibility of general management is to conduct the enterprise toward its objective by making optimum use of available resources. It is t he executive authority, it draws up the plan of action, selects personnel, determines performance, ensures and controls the execution of all activities excerpted from General and Industrial Management.Simple term, planning is the most important managerial function. Organizing and commanding function is necessary to execute plans. Coordinating is necessary to make sure that everyone is working together and controlling looks whether everything is proceeding according to the plan.Fayol believed that management ideas should be taught, managerial ability was required for businesses to succeed and management was a separate activity that applicable to all types of undertakings. He also believed that managerial practices were the key to predictability and efficiency in organizations.It is important to understand that it really needs intuition to propose such significant ideas in the environment where there are no clear boundaries of worker and management responsibilities, no clear indicate the effective work standards and no clear concepts about how organizations work and how they should be structured or managed. In this case, Henry Fayol offered universal managerial prescriptions for all organizations to solve the problems.Therefore, Fayols main contribution is in the point that he was the first management theorist who devised a complete set of general administrative management theory by suggesting what managers should do and how organizations constitute good management practices. He emphasized on the functionality and organizational structure, dividing the work in functional areas and implementing the general principles of any organization.Fayols theory views management as a profession that can be trained, developed and emphasized the broad policy aspects of top-level management. It underlined all elements necessary to organize and manage organization as a whole. And also, his practical list of principles helps managers learn how to organize and interact with their subordinates in an effective way. At the present, most of managers are using his theory as a guidelines that how they deal with the day-to-day problems of managing the entire organizations. This explains accurately that his theory is a great contribution to management and business studies.More than nine decades have passed since Fayols theory was proposed. As we are moving into the age of rapid industrial and technological development, we might think the elements and principles of management in his theory are only common sense at present. And even later, some scholars had adopted his theory as the basis and developed young modern management theories. Undoubtedly, Henry Fayol is rightly seen as a key influential contributor to administrative management of thought.It is essential to remark the achievement of Henry Fayol who through a laudable efforts, developed his labour career in a company in the area of the mining industry in his country, where he entered as engineer by professi on at young age after being promoted to mines manager and retired as a managing director. He knew how to reorganize and manage the company, expand its business and at certain point he is assign with turning the company around from a threatened bankruptcy into a strong financial position by the time of his retirement at age 77.During Fayols last few years, he wrote down the classic book, Administration Industrielle et Generale based on his personal experiences in his managerial lifetime. His work was a product of more than 50 years of practice and study of management. He dedicated all his efforts to promote the administrative management theory as a fundamental tool for the good performance of all kinds of organizations. He established the nowadays important 14 principles and necessary 5 elements that are management needed.Fayols achievement is as a result of his in depth studies and analysis of the reality of management studying, analyzing and preparing his conclusions and his work in a personal and independent way. Once again, just as in the case of his excellent and classic works about the problems of the mines, the brilliant managing director and successful managing methods, would take his time to create a new classic success to form a new doctrine The General Management.Hence, it has to be restated that his theory has a significant influence on modern management and lay down the foundation with a simple way of how management interacts with personnel. Nowadays, all organizations consider his theory as a relevant guide to productively managing staffs, in order to manage the organizations more successful.As we know, management is the process of getting people that work towards to accomplish desired goals and objectives together its main purpose is to help activities can be completed more efficiently and effectively. In this project, we found that Henry Fayol concentrated on top-level management and viewed management processes from the top down. His administra tive management theory gives us comprehensive statements of general management and provides us valuable insights into managing effective and efficient organizations. It is clear that his theory is important and efficacious knowledge for all students who study about management issues. We students should learn his theory seriously in order to meet practical needs and apply it in our future career life.

Economic Analysis Of An Oligopoly Market Structure

NEW YORK Feeling bad about the economy? Indulge a little, bring forth a soda. Marketers at Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo Inc. are numeration on that sentiment to appeal to consumers overwhelmed with a drumbeat of bad economic news. What people want to do is pause and refresh, said Coca-Cola old-timer commercializeing military officer Joe Tripodi. Pepsi, the worlds second-largest soft drink maker, launched a new marketing ply at the beginning of the year, while No. 1 Coke launched its campaign three weeks later.Soda makers, who have seen their highest-profile outputs lose ground to postal code drinks and impairmenty bottled water in recent years, are turning away from the lifestyle marketing that has dominated the soda wars. Now, they look forward to to draw customers back to the old favorites with a simple lure theyre cheaper or at least a better value. Cokes campaign includes 16-ounce plastic bottles of Coke, Coke Zero, fodder Coke, Sprite and Fanta for 99 cents. The new size could draw people looking for a bargain, in that a 20-ounce bottle make ups $1. 25 to $1. 50.An ad campaign called Open Happiness and tied to the Coke Side of Life ads launched on American Idol last week. One spot features 2 students sitting across from each other in a library and flirting by drawing competing images of Coke bottles and on their arms. A lot of people have go away the category, Beverage Digest editor John Sicher said last week. to a fault, a lot of young people have not entered the category, so these ads may military service Coke both recruit new young consumers and re-recruit some lapsed ones. Coke plans to run three ads during Sundays broadcast of the Super Bowl football title on NBC.PepsiCo spokeswoman Nicole Bradley said PepsiCo would air five to six minutes of commercials for bottled drinks during the Super Bowl, making it the biggest advertiser for the game. The ads will feature Pepsi, Gatorade, PepsiMax and SoBe Life Water. With the launch of its n ew logo, the friendship also has increased its number of drink ads on billboards and in other public places such as subway stations, bus s top and on tops of taxis. In recent years, as U. S. soda gross revenue fell steadily including 2. 5 percent in the third quarter last year at PepsiCo,while Coke doesnt break out soft drink performance the two turned to other bottled drinks for growth. PepsiCo refocused its drinks portfolio around bottled Lipton teas and Starbucks coffees, its Aquafina bottled water, Izze sparkling juice drinks and others.Coke made the biggest drinks accomplishment in industry history in June 2007 when it bought Glaceaus VitaminWater for $4. 1 billion. Though its products contain plenty of sugar, the brand had attracted health-conscious consumers with drink names such as Power-C, Defense, Endurance, Rescue and Multi-V.But chief executive officer Muhtar Kent said last fall that soft drinks are the oxygen of our industry. The chief executives of both soda make rs indicated they were refocusing on soft drinks last fall as consumers felt the weight of a recession but it had not yet been officially declared. PepsiCos push is complementary with the trend of shoppers trading down, the companys North American beverages chief Massimo DAmore said Tuesday. He declined to say the company was appealing to consumers pocketbooks. We will not communicate on price, he said in an interview. Value to consumers is much broader than price.Its not the primary focus of our marketing. DAmore told reporters gathered Tuesday to hear details of the companys Super Bowl plans that Pepsis drink portfolio is the exact ammunition it necessitate to win in the current climate. knob Executive Indra Nooyi has said the company which also owns the Frito-Lay, Tropicana, Gatorade and Quaker brands aims to slow the decline of U. S. soda sales. Both companies are grappling with how to hold on to consumers that have enceinte wary of the high-fructose corn syrup that is used in a wide variety of bottled drinks, from soft drinks to bottled teas and energy drinks.David Schardt, senior nutritionist at the non arrive at nub for Science in the Public Interest, said the companies latest campaigns are not going to improve public health if sales of sugar-based sodas do rebound. We already drink too many of our calories he said. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AN OLIGOPOLY MARKET STRUCTURE 1. INTRODUCTION 1a. ARTICLE SUMMARY Not many corporations can gambol of a 100 Year rivalry. The beverages industry witnessed such needlelike competition surrounded by Coca-Cola and PepsiCo.One can say that the competition between the corporations was and still isso intense that it could be likened to sibling rivalry. The product offerings of both companies are so similar, if Pepsi were to offer a new product it wouldnt be surprising to see Coca-Cola result suit. Pepsi has always taken the lead in developing new products, but Coke soon learned their lesson and started to do the same . The companies not but compete in soft drinks, but also have branched out to other beverages including coffee, juice drinks and even water. As the companies lose their market share in energy drinks and pricy bottled water in recent years now they refocus on soda pop to draw customers back.PepsiCo is innovative with launching a marketing campaign of new logos while Cokes campaign is price strategy with a range of cheaper products. The fact is each company is culmination up with new products and ideas in order to increase their market share. The creativity and effectiveness of each companys marketing strategy will ultimately determine the victor with respect to sales, profits, and customer loyalty. 1b. JUSTIFICATION OF THE TOPIC Pepsi and coke go over 75. 3% of market (as raisen in the figure 1).These two companies have significant control over the direction of the market in terms of price, quality and taste. This clearly indicates that the industry has a duopolistic structure. It is not easy to enter into the market as it needs a large investment and can expect the big participants to crush into the competition. The presence of barriers to entry protects the present players from competition from new firms. The companies compete on product differentiation either through product itself or through heavy publicise to reduce the elastic of regard for their product.Clearly the industry is oligopolistic with the market shared between these two firms, and the oligopoly characteristics of high concentration ratio, fewness, high barriers entry, product differentiation and mutual interdependence apply. Figure 1 Source Beverage Marketing Corporation, New York. Retrieved from www. beverageworld. com data and statistics on 4/10/2008 2. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS A firm under oligopoly faces a kinked demand curve (see figure 2). The leg of the kink is the point of the schematic market price.The kink of the demand curve suggests that a competitor would react asymmetrically to price increases and price decreases by the firm. Suppose the price is established at $1. 99 for a six-pack of either Pepsi or Coke. Lets consider the demand curve for Pepsi. If Pepsi increases its price to $2. 49 per six-pack, it will lose some of its market to Coke a big the AB component of the demand curve. Pepsi will be able to sell 500 six-packs a day instead of the original sales level of 1000.Coke is likely to stay at $1.99 and enjoy the additional sale, as some people who were originally buying Pepsi will be switching to Coke. If Pepsi lowers its price to $1. 49 to gain an advantage over Coke and increase it sales to 1500 six-packs, it may not succeed. The increase in sales by Pepsi to 1500 can only happen if Coke did not react to Pepsis price cut. However, Coke is likely to match the price reduction by Pepsi to protect itself against loss of market share. As the result of price cuts by both Pepsi and Coke, there will be an increase in sales by both at least part at the expense of smaller competitors.The sales of Pepsi increase to 1300 six-packs per day from the original 1000. This is along the BC segment of the demand curve. Therefore, there are two demand curves facing PepsiAB relatively elastic for price increases and no reception by Coke, and BC relatively inelastic for price decreases and price matching reaction by Coke. This explains the kinked demand curve for Pepsi and similarly for Coke. Notice that the kink in the demand curve is at the established market price. It is also important to visualise that the established price tends to be maintained.Neither Pepsi nor Coke will be inclined to raise their price since it would cause loss of sales and market share to the rival. Also neither of them is particularly interested in lowering the price and starting a price war since the outcome is loss of profit for both in favor of consumers. The profit maximization level of output can be determined by adding to the demand-MR model the cost curves f or a firm under oligopoly. The profit maximizing level of output is 1000 six-packs of Pepsi, where MC = MR. Pepsi can sell this quantity at $1. 99 according to the demand curve.The average total cost of production at 1000 level of output is $0. 99 per six-pack. Therefore the company is making $1000 a day of economic (or excess) profit as illustrated in Figure 3. An interesting bill is that the profit maximization of oligopolies, generally, occurs at the kink of the demand curve, which in-turn represents the established market price and market shares of the oligopolies. Another observation is that moderate changes in the cost conditions of oligopolies do not cause a change in their profit maximization quantity and price as long as they are in the vertical range of the MR curve.This implies that technological improvements that lower the cost of production or change in the price of inputs encountered by an oligopoly would not lead to a quantity or price change. We therefore suggest th at under an oligopoly market prices are rigid. Firms especially avoid lowering their price from headache of igniting a price war. Instead oligopolies resort to non-price competition such as advertising. Price wars can and occasionally do occur when one of the superior firms in the oligopoly market experiences a significant decrease in its production cost and attempt to increase its market share.Coke and Pepsi know that they are spending millions of dollars on advertising just to counter each others ads. Advertising game will provide us with a modeling framework within which to show the choice that the managers of oligopolistic firms face. ( see figure 4) Although it would increase both firms payoffs if both play Less Advertising, this cannot be easily achieved. According to the above payoff matrix, contend Intensive Advertising yields a higher payoff for Coke no matter what Pepsi does. In other words, Intensive Advertising is Cokes dominant strategy.Similarly, Intensive Advertisi ng is also Pepsis dominant strategy. Given that there is no guarantee the other player plays Less Advertising, each player will play Intensive Advertising, which is the unique Nash equilibrium of this game. 3. CONCLUSION Sales of carbonated soft drinks have been declining in US for several years, as consumers turn to a growing number of new beverages like enhanced waters, sports drinks and energy drinks. But the problems have accelerated in a volatile economy, with consumers consume at restaurants less and buying fewer grab-and-go beverages.In addition, consumers are increasingly choosing tap water over other beverages at restaurants and at home to help keep on money and the environment. Both companies have also relied on finding new markets, especially in foreign countries. Although the goal of both companies are exactly the same, the two companies rely on somewhat different marketing strategies. The companies must be willing to accommodate their target markets. They have to alwa ys be creating and updating their marketing plans and products. Gaining market share occurs when a company stays one-step ahead of the competition by knowing what the consumer wants.