Robert Brownings The Laboratory and Carol Ann Duffys Havisham Essay Example for Free

Robert Brownings The Laboratory and Carol Ann Duffys Havisham Essay The Laboratory by Robert Browning and Havisham by Carol Ann Duffy are two poems which are representations of a womans revenge and fury that takes place when angered by a male. It is a guide to what havoc a womans wrath can cause just to get her revenge back. We also come to realise as to what length a woman can go and the malicious capacities she displays out of revenge. It shows that the actions of a man can turn the character of a woman from a calm, loving individual into that of a ferocious, almost wicked one. This is coined in a famous phrase Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned. In Carol Ann Duffys poem we see how outraged she is, as in the title of the poem she only mentions Havisham without specifying that she is Miss Havisham resenting the fact that she has been rejected by her lover. In heart breaking desperation she curses Not a day since then I havent wished him dead. Bitter resentment brought even a change in her life as the verse clearly shows: Whole days in bed cawing She degrades herself to the state of an animal, even a lonely one because she came unsocial. Due to his actions, she stereotypes every male and distrusts them as shown in the phrase Give me a male corpse for a long slow honeymoon. Similarly, in Robert Brownings poem we see a woman regretting having trusted a male; however she is more outraged by the fact that the husband has betrayed her, so she curses and plans to murder her rival. She seems desperate to get her revenge back, but also enjoy the time it takes to plan her murder. Both poems portray the phrase, Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned which means that even hell does not have the fury or rage to match a woman who has been deceived. This phrase was commonly used when women started to have equal rights as men. Although these poems carry similar meaning, revenge is expressed in different ways. In Carol Ann Duffys poem Havisham we see that the victim shows great signs of rejection, although she feels that she is powerless to do anything. She is constantly aware of her situation and curses her lover for his actions. Havisham seems very passive and pathetic, while the person in Robert Brownings poem seems much more aggressive, responsive and strong to her situation. Havisham is so mentally unstable that she is only able to hope evil things will happen to him, reminiscent of a kid who is powerless to do anything when opposed by someone bigger than them. The woman in Robert Brownings poem is possibly trying to reclaim back some power by planning to actually use physical force on the target. We can also derive from these facts that the two women differ in ages. Havisham is obviously the older woman as she describes herself in the sentence ropes on the back of my hands, which may mean that her skin is fragile such as that of an old person or from so much tensing and being angry. Her old age could also explain why she has such a passive personality. We see that she is very frustrated as she uses inappropriate language in the oxymoronic phrase Beloved sweetheart bastard. This shows more resentment and hatred to the husband. While in Robert Brownings poem we see that the woman is very aware of her beauty and she says Shes not little, no minion like me! This may suggest that her rival is larger, therefore unattractive. Since we know that she is younger and more energetic, it could be why she is deciding to use physical force. These two women feel pretty much the same about the men who disturbed them however, we see that in Havisham the woman detests all males, whilst in Robert Brownings poem we see that the woman wants another chance with the husband as she says on the last line Ere I know it next moment I dance at the Kings. Both women have very low self esteem as they cannot take it that they have been left and the man has departed. They cannot accept their own fate and this has made them very weak and they cannot keep control of their own lives. The woman in The Laboratory resents her rival who has attracted her husband. She feels that removing her rival would make things better and also she thinks that she will have her husband back as shown in the phrase next moment I dance at the Kings. In Havisham the lady bear a grudge to the man who has left her on the wedding her and she is astounded to be Spinster. In the phrase her, myself she is does not even recognise who she is and clearly does not want to be in such position. She clearly wants to cause damage but because of the circumstance she does not even bother as in the sentence till I suddenly bite awake and Bang. Both of these women are mentally unstable. In Havisham, we see that she has lost the power of speech. Since she has no-one to talk to she often makes animal noises as she believes that she has been rejected like an animal. This is in the phrase cawing Nooooo at the wall and Puce curses that are sounds not words., this also shows us that animals caw and make noises so we can derive that she is already mentally stable in behaving the ways she is. She has remained in her wedding dress since the day she was supposed to get married, this suggest that she will do anything to get married and cannot carry on without getting married. In Robert Brownings poem, we see that the lady is deranged as she imagines very evil thoughts towards her rivals Pauline and Elise. She has a certain pleasure watching the apothecary which is very unusual and suggests that she is missing pleasure from being with her husband. Both women are sexually frustrated at the fact that they have been left for someone else and they considered themselves degraded. In these poems a lot of gothic literature is used throughout to emphasize on the severity and longing of a male partner. It explores madness and isolation and is set in very old houses which fit the scene of horror and evil. The poem contains many supernatural and decay in them and vivid description of death and mysterious things. Both women act in an uncivilised manner such as the phrase the dress yellowing which could mean that she does not change them and urinates in them. This also makes her seem like an animal. In The Laboratory we see that the woman goes to a secret dark place to an alchemist for making her poison. This is all associated with gothic literature. Both poems carry very similar meanings and are expressed in different ways and the supposed audience is for people who treat women as possessions and does not recognise them as a favour. Both women have reacted in very different manners but carry a same important meaning. It reinforces the fact that women may cause ultimate harm if provoked and make men more aware of them. The women are similar because they have experience the same thing, they are just reacting in different ways to each other. Which way is more efficient is another question.

Media Role In Elections

Media Role In Elections During the pre-election, the election candidates usually will choose appropriate media as their tools to disseminate their asserted statements of futures government policies and to convey the way to improve the citizens living. It also a tool to gaining the ruling power from opposition parties, which may sway the voters decision of balloting. This manual offers a basic description of a new method of developing journalistic skills to cover elections, and provides some essential information about elections and reporting responsibilities and techniques. Although it has been used in a wide range of elections, referenda and others similar event around the world but it actually designed for purpose of coaching journalists in countries marked by conflict, or countries in the midst of a transition to democracy. Newspaper, as you will see, is foremost intended for those persons, we call them coaches ad that are assisting in skills development.(I don understand wat u try to said xD) It is a ha ndbook for those who are doing the coaching, or providing the training. But the information about elections and reporting is also meant to be passed on to reporters, editors and managers who are developing their skills. So the information here is to be shared, copied and used as journalists guidelines, as much as possible. So what is media? Why does media so important during the pre-election period? The media are included the whole host of modern communication systems, for example cinema, television, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, radio, and interactive multimedia. These developments depend on the use of industrial technology to produce, send and receive message. Country information From the overview coaches and trainees that like working journalists will need to do some intensive research before they arrive in an unfamiliar country. It is enormously beneficial to have a basic understanding on the country. That included their demographics, culture and history, as well as the current political situation and their media environment. This information is important in setting the context for the specific election. They also need to know about the specific conditions of the election. We will able to know the country information thought todays internet system and also some country-specific guidebooks. Besides that, the local governments websites will also present some basic information on the countrys population, economic conditions and health standards to educational levels. In examining guidebooks, we also can look for information such as life expectancy and number of citizens of voting age, extent of literacy, different ethnic groups, religions and languages, and ur ban and rural populations. These are factors to consider in guiding media coverage of an election campaign because they identify important groups of voters, challenges to voter education, and regions or issues which otherwise might be neglected. However in Malaysia, the Sultan is elected by hereditary state rulers to serve in a 5-years term. Prime Minister is designated by parliament. In the Senate (Dewan Negara), 44 members are appointed by the monarch to serve 3-years terms and 26 members are elected by the state legislatures to serve for 3-years. For the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) 222 members are elected by direct popular vote to serve in a 5-years terms. Media role in elections The media has a role to inform the citizens about the competing political parties and their programmes and candidates, and to contribute to the formation of opinion of the electorate. This may include formal voter education material provided by the electoral management body; alternatively or additionally, the media themselves may produce their own voter education materials. The overall aim of media coverage during elections campaigns in democracies is fair and objective reporting and information dissemination. This can, for instance, be achieved through measures such as a just allocation of broadcasting time between all the competing parties and candidates, (voluntary) agreements on fair news programmes, reports, and non-news programmes, or debates between party leaders. It is crucial in the first instance to ensure that every party and/or independent candidate has access to the media, in particular radio or television, since most voters gain their knowledge about politics via the media. That means that a broadcaster is not entitled to influence the public opinion by different treatment of one or another candidate or party. But still it is often the broadcaster who decides who is gaining access to the debates and discussion programmes. Media is sometimes manipulated by the governing party to report in their favour. Manipulation can take place during the designing of the programmes, reports and news, discussion programmes, and even non-news programmes, such as pure entertainment shows and movies. Propaganda may be disseminated under the guise of objective public information by the government. The danger of misuse of government power for campaigning purposes can be limited if laws and regulations are in place to regulate the role of the media in the elections campaign. Media The phrase the media began to be used in the 1920s, but referred to something that had its origins much further in the past. The invention of the printing press in the late 15th century gave rise to some of the first forms of mass communication, by enabling the publication of books and newspapers on a scale much larger than was previously possible. Newspapers is the first high-circulation newspapers arose in the eastern United States in the early 1800s, and were made possible by the invention of high-speed rotary steam printing presses, and railroads which allowed large-scale distribution over wide geographical areas. The increase in circulation, however, led to a decline in feedback and interactivity from the readership, making newspapers a more one-way medium. Since the beginning, high-circulation newspapers have been a medium for conditioning public opinion. Electrical telegraph is In the 1840s; the first commercial electrical telegraph was developed, allowing separating communications from transportation, enabling messages to be transmitted instantaneously over large distances. Movies are the Cinema began to be a large-scale entertainment industry in 1894, with the first commercial exhibition of film. The first films with a narrative began to be distributed in 1987. Radio is the first commercial broadcasts in the United States began in the 1920s. Television is the first television broadcasts for a mass audience began in 1936 Germany and UK. Regular mass TV broadcasts in the United States only began in 1948, with a show hosted by Arturo Toscanini and starring comedian Milton Berle. Political role in advanced capitalism since the 50s, when cinema, radio and TV began to be the primary or the only source of information for a larger and larger percentage of the population, these media began to be considered as central instruments of mass control. From the above statements, it emerged the idea that when a country has reached a high level of industrialization, the country itself belongs to the person who controls communications. Mass media has play a significant role in shaping public perceptions on a variety of important issues, both through the information that is dispensed through them, and through the interpretations they place upon this information. They also play a large role in shaping modern culture, by selecting and portraying a particular set of beliefs, values, and traditions, as reality. That is, by portraying a certain interpretation of reality, they shape reality to be more in line with that interpretation. The media environment The first priority is to identify the principles of the countrys media freedoms and regulations. Coaches must then determine the practical realities of these freedoms and regulations. In some countries there may be wide-ranging protection for media freedoms in the constitution or in legislation but the freedoms are much abused or ignored by authorities or journalists in daily life. Firstly, newspaper is the best way to research because it is a regularly scheduled publication containing news, information, and advertising, has emerged as one of the important media throughout the entire world. However, its multifunctional purpose has caused it to be manipulated in many forms. In Malaysia, the most obvious manipulation towards newspaper is in the form of political view. Political parties especially the ones who act as the rulers of the country are continuously taking advantage in the name of veto power to use newspaper as the primary tool to promote their propaganda. (Media Stereotyping: Reporting War and Terrorism, 2007). For example, Democratic Action Party (DAP) delivery rocket newspaper. As a definition, propaganda stands for a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position. As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influenc e an audience. Propaganda often presents facts selectively (thus possibly lying by omission) to encourage a particular synthesis, or uses loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. The desired result is a change of the attitude toward the subject in the target audience to further a political agenda. It is proven as it is used in the ancient times; the Roman Empire published Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins, around 59 BC, as ordered by Julius Caesar. (Acta Diurna, 2010). Looking back during the National Election campaign in 2008, the Barisan Nasional governments launched their massive political campaign through the means of newspaper and other forms of media to sell out their propaganda in order to influence the minds of the citizens to vote for them. To make things easier, they are the rulers of this country and thus, no one can put the barrier on them on what-so-called restriction of press. The determination of press freedom is on their hands. However, in the campaign, they suffered the most humiliating defeat in the history of Malaysia as they lost five states to the opposition sides, Pakatan Rakyat; Kelantan, Kedah, Perak, Selangor, and Penang. How could it happen? This situation lied on several factors. The non-government newspapers played their role in publishing news on the truth behind every promise made by the governments sold out to the society during the election campaign. This actually worked out as citizens realised that they could not be continuously cheated off by the fake promise. It can be said that propaganda does not always work the way it should. Currently, the issue of the concept of 1Malaysia is another case regarding the manipulation of newspaper by the authorities to promote their propaganda. The introduction of this concept has been massively spread out to the mass audience via various kinds of mass media including newspapers. The spreading out can be classified as successful as everyone is talking about 1Malaysia now. However, the concept, introduced by the Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak, is still on the surface and the truth behind it is hidden from the acknowledgement of the public. 1Malaysia concept is still blurred and confusing. Everybody seems to accept the propaganda without realising the effects on them. The most obvious effect that will someday happen is that it harms and destroys the special rights enjoyed by the bumiputra especially Malays. Before things turn from worst to worse, Pakatan Rakyat try to stop the citizens from getting carried away by the cheat through the only medium they are able to; newspapers owned by them. Example of The Rocket Newspaper. Conclusion In this research, there are three main problem statements that are aimed to be found out. The first problem statement is that newspaper is being used as the primary tool to promote Malaysia government propaganda. The matter that is about to be conveyed is the advantage enjoyed by the government to simply use their veto power to spread their propaganda. Newspapers like Utusan Malaysia, Berita Harian, New Straits Times and many others are owned by the government. The question is that are these puppets being manipulated to do the promotion on behalf of the Barisan Nasional government neither directly or indirectly to set up the minds of the society. The second one is that the use of newspaper as a medium of spreading government propaganda is effective and giving impacts to the society or it is either occurring the other way around. The governments are the ones who act as the gatekeeper to all media including print media like newspaper. They pick what to publish and eliminate news that i s risky to harm them. The question whether it is totally effective or not in manipulating the citizens minds will be answered in the findings of this research. Last but not least, the opposition-own newspapers are also playing their role in revealing the hidden truth behind every propaganda of the ruler of this country and how effective their messages in setting up citizens minds? Newspapers like Suara Keadilan and Harakah are owned by the opposition sides. This research will reveal whether they succeed in showing the truth behind the propaganda of the government in the high-risk situation of do-or-die as there is a very high possibility that the government will misuse their power in stopping these kinds of newspapers to continue showing their true colours. Harvard-style for List of References Democracy assistance elections news from the Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening (CEPPS), 2010 http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=131 Malaysias political landscape shifts, March 9, 2008 http://news.smh.com.au/world/malaysias-political-landscape-shifts-20080309-1y4u.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/48951049/Newspapers-as-Tools-to-Promote-Malaysian-Government-Propaganda Information on U.S. foreign policy and national interests, 20 August 2007 http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/August/20070820155151IHecuoR0.2139246.html#ixzz1K3NMU9O4

John Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding -- Reality John Lock

John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding In John Locke's "Essay Concerning Human Understanding", he makes a distinction between the sorts of ideas we can conceive of in the perception of objects. Locke separates these perceptions into primary and secondary qualities. Regardless of any criticism of such a distinction, it is a necessary one in that, without it, perception would be a haphazard affair. To illustrate this, an examination of Locke's definition of primary and secondary qualities is necessary. Starting from common-sense notions of perception, namely that there must be something in order to perceive something, Locke continues by arguing that ideas in the mind correspond to qualities in the object being perceived. Locke states that: Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or is in the immediate object of perception, thought or understanding, that I call idea; and the power to produce any idea in our mind, I call quality of the subject wherein that power is. 11 Primary qualities are those aspects of an object that are in and of the object being perceived. Anything that must actually be in an object in order for any object to exist is a primary quality. These, Locke stated, are inseparable from an object. Qualities such as mass, solidity, and extension in three dimensions are all primary qualities. To say that an object has mass and solidity but no shape or extension in three dimensions is inconceivable if not outright ridiculous. So, primary qualities are necessary for an object to be considered an object. If something does not have primary qualities, then it cannot be considered an object but must be considered to be something else. Secondary qualities, according to Locke,... ...ere God creates substance and everything associated with it. Conversely, without a belief in God, Berkeley's position cannot be put forth, as there would be nothing to create the perceptions, and Locke's position becomes more likely. And if your faith leads you to the conclusion that there is no God, then you must put your faith in a material world for there is no other consistent world of which you could conceive. Endnotes 1 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York: DoubleDay, 1974) p.24 [Back] 2 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York: DoubleDay, 1974) p.25 [Back] 3 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York: DoubleDay, 1974) p.166 [Back] 4 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York: DoubleDay, 1974) p.168 [Back] 5 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York: DoubleDay, 1974) p.168 [Back]

Essay --

This also shows early ego deficits at the level of part-object relations formulated by Klein (1975) on early ego deficits. Self-esteem is the main factor perpetuating eating disorder symptoms, then treatment outcome should improve her self-esteem, which in turn improves her symptom in eating disorder (Fairburn et al., 2003; Yellowlees, 1997). Treating self-esteem improved eating disorder symptomatology again was shown by the study by Newns (Newns, Bell, & Thomas, 2003) and raising self-esteem helped to maintain the change that obtained after the treatment (Beresin, Gordon, & Herzog, 1989; Hsu, Crisp, & Callender, 1992; Peterson & Rosenvinge, 2002; Rorty, Yager, & Rossotto, 1993). Ms MA had shown to have chronic low self-esteem since adolescence when her academic performance was worse than all her siblings yet she always put unrealistic goal for herself. In addition, her mother always liked to compare her with other siblings which further lower her self esteem. Subsequently, her fai led marriage life made her self-esteem broken down and she had begun to attempted suicide. She then decided to push herself up and work to support her daughter, so she used â€Å"bulimia† and â€Å"binging† as her defense mechanism and so she could continue to function. Treatment methods could be used for bulimia is: Psychodynamic, Cognitive behavioral and Disease/addiction. A psychodynamic psychotherapy emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces. The belief is that addressing and resolving the underlying cause for disordered behaviors, they may not return or lapses. (Medina LM, 2003) The most frequently applied concepts of brief psychodynamic psychotherapy have been the methods developed by Luborsky, Horowitz, Shapiro and Firth, and Davanlo... ...ent is important to ensure the success of this treatment. To continue this kind of therapy for too long without symptom change seems unnecessary and unfair. As for Ms M, she has decided to make a change to her obesity and health. In addition, she began to stop her impulsive eating after attending dietitian and Bariatric surgery clinic. Thus, the risk for the symptoms to continue is not existence. The priority now is to raise her self-esteem, to gain her new understanding, to change her interpersonal skill which subsequently ensured long-lasting change. This could be achieved by the psychotherapy to improved her insight and subsequently patient developed a more adaptive way of relieved her stress. While she was attending a nutrition clinic and she was dieting to reduce weight, psychotherapy at this moment would increase her self-esteem and self-confidence to change. Essay -- This also shows early ego deficits at the level of part-object relations formulated by Klein (1975) on early ego deficits. Self-esteem is the main factor perpetuating eating disorder symptoms, then treatment outcome should improve her self-esteem, which in turn improves her symptom in eating disorder (Fairburn et al., 2003; Yellowlees, 1997). Treating self-esteem improved eating disorder symptomatology again was shown by the study by Newns (Newns, Bell, & Thomas, 2003) and raising self-esteem helped to maintain the change that obtained after the treatment (Beresin, Gordon, & Herzog, 1989; Hsu, Crisp, & Callender, 1992; Peterson & Rosenvinge, 2002; Rorty, Yager, & Rossotto, 1993). Ms MA had shown to have chronic low self-esteem since adolescence when her academic performance was worse than all her siblings yet she always put unrealistic goal for herself. In addition, her mother always liked to compare her with other siblings which further lower her self esteem. Subsequently, her fai led marriage life made her self-esteem broken down and she had begun to attempted suicide. She then decided to push herself up and work to support her daughter, so she used â€Å"bulimia† and â€Å"binging† as her defense mechanism and so she could continue to function. Treatment methods could be used for bulimia is: Psychodynamic, Cognitive behavioral and Disease/addiction. A psychodynamic psychotherapy emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces. The belief is that addressing and resolving the underlying cause for disordered behaviors, they may not return or lapses. (Medina LM, 2003) The most frequently applied concepts of brief psychodynamic psychotherapy have been the methods developed by Luborsky, Horowitz, Shapiro and Firth, and Davanlo... ...ent is important to ensure the success of this treatment. To continue this kind of therapy for too long without symptom change seems unnecessary and unfair. As for Ms M, she has decided to make a change to her obesity and health. In addition, she began to stop her impulsive eating after attending dietitian and Bariatric surgery clinic. Thus, the risk for the symptoms to continue is not existence. The priority now is to raise her self-esteem, to gain her new understanding, to change her interpersonal skill which subsequently ensured long-lasting change. This could be achieved by the psychotherapy to improved her insight and subsequently patient developed a more adaptive way of relieved her stress. While she was attending a nutrition clinic and she was dieting to reduce weight, psychotherapy at this moment would increase her self-esteem and self-confidence to change.

No Stories to Tell :: Philosophy Experiences Papers

Trapped in a Fortune-Cookie Factory with no Stories to Tell Drawing on a distinction between 'primary' and 'secondary' experience derived from J. J. Gibson's ecological psychology, Edward S. Reed argues that our 'psychosocial ills' result from rampant 'degradation of opportunities for primary experience.' That Reed slides easily from 'experience' to 'information' is less due to Gibson's psychology than to the spirit of the time in which he writes: it is a truism that we live in an age of information, where every experience is an act of communication. But, as Reed notes, progress in information technology has been matched by regress in communication. We spend billions on a 'superhighway' that carries every kind of information except the ecological information 'that allows us to experience things for ourselves.' In a pattern familiar from cities shaped by automobiles, the line of this highway traces a virtually impermeable wall. While (sometimes) increasing access to 'processed' information, it (almost always) decreases access to 'ecological' i nformation. This is a 'pedagogical' as well as a 'perceptual' problem; my intent in this paper is to pose the problem clearly as a first step toward addressing it adequately. I have nothing to say, and I am saying it. And that is poetry. —John Cage, Lecture on Nothing (1) Not quite halfway through The Necessity of Experience, Edward S. Reed illustrates the condition of ordinary people in contemporary society by calling to mind an old joke "about a person trapped in a fortune-cookie factory whose only hope for escape is to send out messages inside the cookies." (2)Like most jokes, this one depends on an instantly recognizable account of human experience. Its theme permeates the work of two great twentieth century writers—Samuel Beckett and Franz Kafka—whose names are routinely transformed into adjectives to describe the human condition at the end of the century. Reed finds it disconcerting "that the image conveyed by this joke—stripped of any pretense at humor—is nowadays often used to describe our lives." (3)That neither Beckett nor Kafka abandoned humor—both deepened the humor of this joke until it became inescapably bleak—is a point to which I will return later when I move from Reed's diagnosis to his prescr iption. But first the diagnosis. Reed's argument is laid out with admirable clarity in his prologue, "A Plea for Experience": "the psychosocial ills that beset many of us today—what historian Eric Hobsbawm calls the increasing barbarism of daily life—stem largely from the degradation of opportunities for primary experience that is rampant in all developed and developing societies.

Roles and responsibilities of leaders

Management and leadership go hand in hand for effective running of activities and processes within the organization. As brilliantly put by many authors, success can never be achieved in any organization without the engagement of a good leader who is able to restructure, solve problems and guide other employees within their organizations. Previous it has been strongly suggested that leadership and management approaches within an organization affect the way service provision is delivered and eventually the performance and success within the organization. Excellency in leadership always starts with the leader and the way he treats those under his management, communication is the most crucial and delegation of power to the rest of the members of the organization, responsibilities should be entrusted to the rest of the staff in the organization so that they can always be part of the solution to matters pertaining the organization. (Newstrom, 1997) The term leadership entails the motivation of people or a team in order to achieve certain organizational goals and objectives. One of the main roles for leaders is to influence the people they lead through incentives, promotions, discipline, dynamics and teamwork with the aim of attaining and maintaining a healthy organizational culture.   Leaders have the responsibility of being participative, supportive, directive and more importantly achievement adjusted with a view to defining certain tasks for their followers (Newstrom, 1997). Many organizations require that their leaders design work agenda for their followers and get concerned with their aspirations, feelings, achievements, problems and outside environment in order to centre all interests to the organization. For a perfectly healthy organization, the leader has to be the servant of the workers in the sense that, he always listens to the workers and do as they want the work done because usually they are the people who are at the ground and they tend to understand the organization better than the leader, so its up to the leader to see that he communicates perfectly with his staff in matters pertaining enhancement of the organization.  Ã‚   (Conger and Pearce, 2003) In every organization, leadership is crucial for maintaining a healthy organizational culture within itself. The main role that a leader is entitled to undertake is to plan, control and direct other individuals to perform specific tasks within the organization. Organizational culture usually entail the –lets work together- spirit whereby the organization behaves like a ‘society’ where there   are values, norms and rules which   all individuals adhere to. Since these are people who work together under the guidance of their leaders, certain beliefs are entrenched in their lives which give birth to encouragement and enthusiasm thus a healthy organizational culture. Leaders therefore utilize a healthy organizational culture to balance work life chores in order to achieve the best form the employees. (Conger and Pearce, 2003) The most important and powerful resources within any organization are the leaders. These are the people who are responsible for influencing the way the organizational culture and climate is modeled. They either create good or bad working environments and thus they are able to determine the development agenda for the organization (Newstrom, 1997). Good management culture starts with a good understanding of effective communication i.e. politeness and patience; Previous research has indicated that employees tend to work better when cherished up by leaders who are up to the task. However, due to diversity, lack of training, lack of motivation, diversification among today’s leaders and lack of definite systems to govern leadership today, there has been slow improvement and many organizations have been failed by their leaders. Reference Conger, J.A., and Pearce, C.L. (2003): Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Newstrom, W. (1997): Organizational Behavior; Human Behavior at Work; New York: McGraw-Hill

College Life of Single Students versus College Life of Married Students Essay

The college life of single students is much easier on different levels as compared with the college life of married students. A majority of people are of the assumption that when married and in college, your social life will go down the gutter. While this is true to some extent, it paints a bad picture of the whole idea of marrying while in college. For a college-going single student and a college-going married student, their chances of learning are all the same. The difference, however, comes in with issues of residence, social life, hardships, university experience, and issues of finance. When these issues are compared between a married and single college going student, the fact remains that being single while in college offers a lot of opportunities to the student. College life of single students is generally less-stressful compared to college life of married students. The process of gaining scholarships or college financial aid is difficult for married students than for single students. Single students have a much easier access to scholarships as they are taken as students without a flowing income. In registering for financial aid, they will only have to state their parent’s income. However, for married students the situation is different. The government ceases recognizing the couple as under their parents. They are now independent individuals. They, therefore, state their spouses’ income as a prerequisite for receiving government financial aid (campusexplorer.com). In addition, financial aid for married students does not come easy as various regulations are placed for them to acquire a loan or aid. Unlike single students, married students will have to account for every dollar they will receive, and they are required to write this down on the application form. This is despite the fact that the financial aid handed down to them caters for only a marginal portion of their financial needs. Single students rarely expend their full financial aid in education, and some are used elsewhere. Money handed to them by their parents also for purposes of school related expenses is quietly diverted to some other cause that the parent does not know about. It is safe to assume that they are given too much cash that they do not know what to do with the rest. Lastly, on the issue of financial reliability, it is easier for married college students to call-off a semester for lack of college fees. It is common that married college students rarely rely on their parents for monetary needs. Being mature, taking they are married, they are allowed their freedom. Hence, the majority of them face a stumbling block when it comes to raising fees for their academic needs. However, for single students, excluding those that are financially independent, they have fewer chances of quitting school or taking a semester off. They are funded by their parents and completely rely on them for academic as well as other financial needs. This makes their chances of suspending school slim to none. A married life in college is full of hardships as compared with a single life. A married life in college is not as rosy as a single college life this considering the many responsibilities heaped upon married individuals. Married individuals rarely find time to engage in the idle activities that most single individuals have as they are busy handling issues that come with getting married (andybox.com). Some married individuals have to concentrate on their families, find alternate ways of getting income, spend time with their spouses or generally spend time at home reading or researching. At the end of doing all these activities, they are expected to regularly attend classes. On the other hand, a number of single students often find a lot of free time at their disposal. They have no urgent issues to attend to, thus mostly live a freer lifestyle compared with their married counterparts. For those that are married while in college and have a kid to look after, life is too hard. Having a c hild and still have to juggle between going to classes and taking care of the younger one is one hardship that a majority of married couples finds it hard to bear. Women especially are denied that one chance that most mothers dare not miss, to bond with the child so when classes are over, they have to rush back at home. Men too as fathers, join in the activity. They will rarely miss being at home with their children. Single college-going students, of course, have no such hardships that take their total attention and time. Another hardship common of college going married couples is accommodation. Mostly, accommodation within the campus is preferred by single students that have no issue sharing rooms with total strangers. For married couples, this is unacceptable for they will prefer off-campus accommodation where they can comfortably live with their spouses. In some cases, most married couples live far off campus and have to drive or commute to school on a daily basis which can be he ctic for a majority. The issue here is not being provided with on-campus accommodation, but rather the fact that they have to lose hours driving, a period of time they can otherwise expend doing useful class work. A married life in college is socially limiting. Most married men or women in campus are in a life of their own. They have a lot to think about and many places to be at the same time that they rarely have time to socialize or engage in events that run within the school. It is acceptable considering that they have families to think about (campusexplorer.com). On the other hand, single students are everywhere quite literally. They are to be found in whatever events that happen on the campus whether academic or not. This places their socializing level at an extreme high. Secondly, since most married couples stay off-campus, they live in seclusion to the going-ons within campus. Once class breaks, the majority will rush to their cars and zoom off campus only to reappear in the next class. This gives them a limited time to interact with the students or with the campus environment. For single college students, however, their whole campus life is within the campus. Although they may take som e time during the day off-campus, they mostly spend their day inside the campus since they live there. While in campus, they interact with their fellows and also the campus environment, and in the process getting to know more about their college and the students in general. Such knowledge escapes those that are married. Lastly, there exists a notion among most students that married students are boring or are not hype given they are like â€Å"our parents† or are taken. This rumor has made most married students being given the cold shoulder or just plain avoided. Their interaction with the students in such a case has been hindered by the attitude the students hold towards them just because they are married (andybox.com). For the single students, however, they highly socialize amongst themselves. Some believe that college is the best place to get a suitable wife or husband; hence, if one is not married, one should expect to be accorded a lot of attention by the students of the opposite sex. In conclusion, single life on campus is easier compared with married life. Single life in college offers freedom while when married, one has to juggle a lot of responsibilities. For married individuals, attending college can be stressful considering that they have to drive daily to school, they have to balance school and family, and at the same time have to think about money to pay bills back at home. In addition to this, married students have a difficult time getting financial assistance and when they do, the money is regulated. This occurs while single students are sponsored by the government and their parents or guardians, hence have enough money at their disposal, have nothing but books to think about, and generally have sufficient time to interact with their friends, peers, and environment in campus. With this in mind, I recommend that students rethink their stand on early marriage. Considering the discussion, students should choose to marry and settle once they have completed t heir degree or their course on campus. This is in light of the fact that they might make their experience in college hard to go by should they choose an early marriage and continues their course while married. References AndyBox.com. Students who Marry. Nov 1999. Web Dec 4 2014. Retrieved from http://www.andybox.com/?page_id=74Campus Exlorer. Married College Students. 2014. Web Dec 4 2014. Retrieved from http://www.campusexplorer.com/college-advice-tips/CF0064F6/Married-College-Students/ Source document